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Traditionally, inertia in power systems has been determined by considering all the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. During the last decade, the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic installations and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 Ana Fernández-Guillamón , Emilio Gómez-Lázaro , Eduard Muljadi , Angel Molina-García

Grid-forming (GFM) converter is deemed as one enabler for high penetration of renewable energy resources in power system. However, as will be pointed out in this letter, the conventional power-to-frequency (P-f) GFM control will face a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Chu Sun

This paper develops a new analytical model to estimate real-time variations in grid frequency and voltages resulting from dynamic network reconfiguration (DNR). In the proposed model, switching operations are considered as discrete…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-15 Jae-Young Park , Young-Jin Kim

Microgrids are increasingly recognized as a key technology for the integration of distributed energy resources into the power network, allowing local clusters of load and distributed energy resources to operate autonomously. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Jeremy Watson , Yemi Ojo , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

To address the frequency stability challenges posed by the rising penetration of power electronics in power systems, HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are increasingly expected to provide inertial response and frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Zhenghua XU , Dominic Groß , George Alin Raducu , Behnam Nouri , Oscar Saborío-Romano , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) play a crucial role in the stability of power systems with large amounts of converter-based generation. Transient stability (angle stability under large disturbances) is a critical limiting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Luis Rouco , Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada

We analyze a dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control for power systems containing ac and dc transmission, converter-interfaced generation and energy storage, and legacy generation. To operate such a system and provide standard services,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Irina Subotić , and Dominic Groß

This paper demonstrates the key features of a control system applicable to inverter-based resources (IBR), which is based on grid-forming technology. Such resources are classified as grid-forming or grid-following converters based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

A major concern in modern power systems is that the popularity and fluctuating characteristics of renewable energy may cause more and more transmission congestion events. Traditional congestion management modeling involves AC or DC power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-27 Shutong Pu , Guangchun Ruan , Xinfei Yan , Haiwang Zhong

Many recent works in control of electric power systems have investigated their synchronization through global performance metrics under external disturbances. The approach is motivated by fundamental changes in the operation of power grids,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-28 Melvyn Tyloo , Philippe Jacquod

The increasing penetration of converter-based renewable generation has resulted in faster frequency dynamics, and low and variable inertia. As a result, there is a need for frequency control methods that are able to stabilize a disturbance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Jie Feng , Manasa Muralidharan , Rodrigo Henriquez-Auba , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez , Yuanyuan Shi

This article is the second part of a paper series about interference in extremum (i.e., peak or valley) current-mode control, which applies to both fixed and variable switching frequency power converters. Specifically, this part presents…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Xiaofan Cui , Al-Thaddeus Avestruz

The concept of complex frequency has been recently introduced on the IEEE Transactions on Power Systems to study bus voltage variations in magnitude and frequency and their link with complex power injections of a power system. In this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-31 Ignacio Ponce , Federico Milano

The fundamental frequency is one of the parameters that define power quality. Correctly determining this parameter under the conditions that prevail in modern power grids is crucial. Diagnostic purposes often require an efficient estimation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Antonio Bracale , Pasquale De Falco , Piotr Kuwałek , Grzegorz Wiczyński

To ensure the proper functioning of the current and future electrical grid, it is necessary for Transmission System Operators (TSOs) to verify that energy providers comply with the grid code and specifications provided by TSOs. A lot of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-23 Rabah Ouali , Jean-Yves Dieulot , Pascal Yim , Xavier Guillaud , Frédéric Colas , Yang Wu , Heng Wu

The increasing use of power electronics converters to integrate renewable energy sources has been subject of concern due to the resonance oscillatory phenomena caused by their interaction with poorly damped AC networks. Early studies are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-02 Luis Orellana , Luis Sainz , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

This paper presents a hybrid model-AI framework for real-time dynamic security assessment of frequency stability in power systems. The proposed method rapidly estimates key frequency parameters under a dynamic set of disturbances, which are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-12 Francisco Zelaya-Arrazabal , Sebastian Martinez-Lizana , Hector Pulgar-Painemal , Jin Zhao

In this paper, low-order models of the frequency and voltage response of mixed-generation, low-inertia systems are presented. These models are unique in their ability to efficiently and accurately model frequency and voltage dynamics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Jonathan Shaw , Bri-Mathias Hodge

The energy system is rapidly changing to accommodate the increasing number of renewable generators and the general transition towards a more sustainable future. Simultaneously, business models and market designs evolve, affecting power-grid…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-03-24 Leonardo Rydin Gorjão , Mehrnaz Anvari , Holger Kantz , Christian Beck , Dirk Witthaut , Marc Timme , Benjamin Schäfer