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The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

In this work, we investigate grid-forming (GFM) control for dc/ac power converters in emerging power systems that contain ac and dc networks, renewable generation, and conventional generation. We propose a novel power-balancing GFM control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß

As power systems evolve with the integration of renewable energy sources and the implementation of smart grid technologies, there is an increasing need for flexible and scalable modeling approaches capable of accurately capturing the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-06 Amir Bahador Javadi , Philip Pong

A significant amount of converter-based generation is being integrated into the bulk electric power grid to fulfill the future electric demand through renewable energy sources, such as wind and photovoltaic. The dynamics of converter…

A dynamic phasor (DP) framework for time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of grid-forming converters (GFCs) connected to series-compensated transmission lines is proposed. The proposed framework can capture the behavior of GFCs…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-26 Fiaz Hossain , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

Increased share of renewable sources of energy in a power grid leads to larger deviations in grid frequency from the nominal value resulting in more challenging control and its modelling. In this paper we focus on the grid frequency for the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-10-10 David Kraljic

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

Subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs) involving grid-forming converters (GFCs) are in a less familiar territory of power system dynamics. This letter reports a new phenomenon namely cross-area SSOs in grids with 100% droop-controlled GFC-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-17 Lilan Karunaratne , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Amirthagunaraj Yogarathnam , Meng Yue

Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

This letter proposes a dual model for grid-forming (GFM) controlled converters. The model is inspired from the observation that the structures of the active and reactive power equations of lossy synchronous machine models are almost…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-12 Federico Milano

Future power systems will include high shares of inverter-based generation. There is a general consensus that for allowing this transition, the Grid-Forming (GFM) control approach would be of great value. This article presents a GFM control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-08 Julian Freytes , Antoine Rossé , Valentin Costan , Grégoire Prime

The inherent control switching of renewable energy sources (RESs) during intricate transient processes introduces complexity to the dynamic behavior of modern power systems. This paper reveals the dynamic coupling between grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Ruiyuan Zeng , Ruisheng Diao , Fangyuan Sun , Wangqianyun Tang , Junjie Li , Baorong Zhou

This work develops a constraint-aware grid-forming (GFM) control that explicitly accounts for current limits and modulation limits within the GFM oscillator dynamics generating the GFM voltage reference (i.e., phase angle and magnitude).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Dominic Groß

This paper employs modal analysis to study the core inertial dynamics of governor-controlled synchronous generators (GC-SG), droop-based grid-forming (GFM) converters, and their most fundamental interactions. The results indicate that even…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Gerardo Medrano , Santiago Cóbreces

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

A grid-feeding converter system is added to a novel power system transient simulation scheme based on frequency response optimized integrators considering second order derivative. The converter system and its implementation in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-23 Sheng Lei , Alexander Flueck

A case study on modeling adequacy of a grid in presence of renewable resources based on grid-forming converters (GFCs) is the subject matter of this paper. For this purpose, a 4-machine 11-bus IEEE benchmark model is modified by considering…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Lilan Karunaratne , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Amirthagunaraj Yogarathnam , Meng Yue

There is an ongoing trend of reduction in short circuit power at the grid connection point due to decommissioning of synchronous generation plants causing system strength issues in wind power plants. Whereas wind power plant rating and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-05 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Guangya Yang , Thyge Knueppel

For power grids predominantly featuring large synchronous generators (SGs), there exists a significant body of work bridging optimization and control tasks. A generic workflow in such efforts entails: characterizing the steady state of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-13 Manish K. Singh , D. Venkatramanan , Sairaj Dhople