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In this paper, we study a large population game with heterogeneous dynamics and cost functions solving a consensus problem. Moreover, the agents have communication constraints which appear as: (1) an Additive-White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-26 Shubham Aggarwal , Muhammad Aneeq uz Zaman , Tamer Başar

Reinforcement learning is a powerful tool to learn the optimal policy of possibly multiple agents by interacting with the environment. As the number of agents grow to be very large, the system can be approximated by a mean-field problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-18 Weichen Wang , Jiequn Han , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang

We present a method enabling a large number of agents to learn how to flock, which is a natural behavior observed in large populations of animals. This problem has drawn a lot of interest but requires many structural assumptions and is…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Sarah Perrin , Mathieu Laurière , Julien Pérolat , Matthieu Geist , Romuald Élie , Olivier Pietquin

Multi-agent learning algorithms have been shown to display complex, unstable behaviours in a wide array of games. In fact, previous works indicate that convergent behaviours are less likely to occur as the total number of agents increases.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Aamal Hussain , Dan Leonte , Francesco Belardinelli , Georgios Piliouras

Mean field games (MFGs) provide a mathematically tractable framework for modelling large-scale multi-agent systems by leveraging mean field theory to simplify interactions among agents. It enables applying inverse reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yang Chen , Libo Zhang , Jiamou Liu , Michael Witbrock

Mean field games (MFGs) offer a powerful framework for modeling large-scale multi-agent systems. This paper addresses MFGs formulated in continuous time with discrete state spaces, where agents' dynamics are governed by continuous-time…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yannick Eich , Christian Fabian , Kai Cui , Heinz Koeppl

Mean Field Game (MFG) models implicitly assume "rational expectations", meaning that the heterogeneous agents being modeled correctly know all relevant transition probabilities for the complex system they inhabit. When there is common…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-02-26 Benjamin Moll , Lenya Ryzhik

Mean Field Games (MFGs) can potentially scale multi-agent systems to extremely large populations of agents. Yet, most of the literature assumes a single initial distribution for the agents, which limits the practical applications of MFGs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Sarah Perrin , Mathieu Laurière , Julien Pérolat , Romuald Élie , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin

We consider learning approximate Nash equilibria for discrete-time mean-field games with nonlinear stochastic state dynamics subject to both average and discounted costs. To this end, we introduce a mean-field equilibrium (MFE) operator,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-11 Berkay Anahtarcı , Can Deha Karıksız , Naci Saldi

Multi-agent robust reinforcement learning, also known as multi-player robust Markov games (RMGs), is a crucial framework for modeling competitive interactions under environmental uncertainties, with wide applications in multi-agent systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Yuchen Jiao , Gen Li

This work focuses on the entropy-regularized independent natural policy gradient (NPG) algorithm in multi-agent reinforcement learning. In this work, agents are assumed to have access to an oracle with exact policy evaluation and seek to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Youbang Sun , Tao Liu , P. R. Kumar , Shahin Shahrampour

We present a simulation-based approach for solution of mean field games (MFGs), using the framework of empirical game-theoretical analysis (EGTA). Our primary method employs a version of the double oracle, iteratively adding strategies…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yongzhao Wang , Michael P. Wellman

Optimizing strategic decisions (a.k.a. computing equilibrium) is key to the success of many non-cooperative multi-agent applications. However, in many real-world situations, we may face the exact opposite of this game-theoretic problem --…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Jibang Wu , Weiran Shen , Fei Fang , Haifeng Xu

We investigate multi-agent imitation learning (IL) within the framework of mean field games (MFGs), considering the presence of time-varying correlated signals. Existing MFG IL algorithms assume demonstrations are sampled from Mean Field…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Zhiyu Zhao , Qirui Mi , Ning Yang , Xue Yan , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

The interplay between exploration and exploitation in competitive multi-agent learning is still far from being well understood. Motivated by this, we study smooth Q-learning, a prototypical learning model that explicitly captures the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Stefanos Leonardos , Georgios Piliouras , Kelly Spendlove

We study strategic interaction in linear-quadratic network games where agents act on subjective, misspecified models of their environment. Agents observe noisy aggregate signals generated by local network externalities and interpret them…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Quanyan Zhu , Zhengye Han

We study discrete-time, finite-state mean-field games (MFGs) under model uncertainty, where agents face ambiguity about the state transition probabilities. Each agent maximizes its expected payoff against the worst-case transitions within…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Zongxia Liang , Zhou Zhou , Yaqi Zhuang , Bin Zou

Methods like multi-agent reinforcement learning struggle to scale with growing population size. Mean-field games (MFGs) are a game-theoretic approach that can circumvent this by finding a solution for an abstract infinite population, which…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Patrick Benjamin , Alessandro Abate

We investigate mean-field games (MFG) in which agents can actively control their speed of access to information. Specifically, the agents can dynamically decide to obtain observations with reduced delay by accepting higher observation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-03 Dirk Becherer , Christoph Reisinger , Jonathan Tam

We investigate an infinite-horizon time-inconsistent mean-field game (MFG) in a discrete time setting. We first present a classic equilibrium for the MFG and its associated existence result. This classic equilibrium aligns with the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-13 Erhan Bayraktar , Zhenhua Wang