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There is a new generation of emoticons, called emojis, that is increasingly being used in mobile communications and social media. In the past two years, over ten billion emojis were used on Twitter. Emojis are Unicode graphic symbols, used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-12-09 Petra Kralj Novak , Jasmina Smailović , Borut Sluban , Igor Mozetič

Data collected by IoT devices are often private and have a large diversity across users. Therefore, learning requires pre-training a model with available representative data samples, deploying the pre-trained model on IoT devices, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Zhongnan Qu , Zimu Zhou , Yongxin Tong , Lothar Thiele

The recently released Google Gemini class of models are the first to comprehensively report results that rival the OpenAI GPT series across a wide variety of tasks. In this paper, we do an in-depth exploration of Gemini's language…

ChatGPT is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence language model developed by OpenAI, which has attracted a lot of attention due to its surprisingly strong ability in answering follow-up questions. In this report, we aim to evaluate ChatGPT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Haoran Wu , Wenxuan Wang , Yuxuan Wan , Wenxiang Jiao , Michael Lyu

We tackle the problem of identifying metaphors in text, treated as a sequence tagging task. The pre-trained word embeddings GloVe, ELMo and BERT have individually shown good performance on sequential metaphor identification. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Rui Mao , Chenghua Lin , Frank Guerin

Detecting online hate is a complex task, and low-performing models have harmful consequences when used for sensitive applications such as content moderation. Emoji-based hate is an emerging challenge for automated detection. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Hannah Rose Kirk , Bertram Vidgen , Paul Röttger , Tristan Thrush , Scott A. Hale

In this effort we fine tuned different models based on BERT to detect the gender polarity of twitter accounts. We specially focused on analyzing the effect of using emojis and emoticons in performance of our model in classifying task. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Saba Yousefian Jazi , Amir Mirzaeinia , Sina Yousefian Jazi

Automated hate speech detection in social media is a challenging task that has recently gained significant traction in the data mining and Natural Language Processing community. However, most of the existing methods adopt a supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Md Rabiul Awal , Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Sandra Mitrovic

Big data contain rich information for machine learning algorithms to utilize when learning important features during classification tasks. Human beings express their emotion using certain words, speech (tone, pitch, speed) or facial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Mazen Elabd , Sardar Jaf

Emoji reactions are a frequently used feature of messaging platforms, yet their communicative role remains understudied. Prior work on emojis has focused predominantly on in-text usage, showing that emojis embedded in messages tend to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Serena Tardelli , Lorenzo Alvisi , Lorenzo Cima , Stefano Cresci , Maurizio Tesconi

Word emphasis in textual content aims at conveying the desired intention by changing the size, color, typeface, style (bold, italic, etc.), and other typographical features. The emphasized words are extremely helpful in drawing the readers'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Vibhav Agarwal , Sourav Ghosh , Kranti Chalamalasetti , Bharath Challa , Sonal Kumari , Harshavardhana , Barath Raj Kandur Raja

Skin-toned emojis are crucial for fostering personal identity and social inclusion in online communication. As AI models, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), increasingly mediate interactions on web platforms, the risk that these…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Mingchen Li , Wajdi Aljedaani , Yingjie Liu , Navyasri Meka , Xuan Lu , Xinyue Ye , Junhua Ding , Yunhe Feng

Surface electromyogram (EMG) can be employed as an interface signal for various devices and software via pattern recognition. In EMG-based pattern recognition, the classifier should not only be accurate, but also output an appropriate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-28 Akira Furui

We designed and tested a system for real-time control of a user interface by extracting surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity from eight electrodes in a wrist-band configuration. sEMG data were streamed into a machine-learning algorithm…

Metaphors play a pivotal role in expressing emotions, making them crucial for emotional intelligence. The advent of multimodal data and widespread communication has led to a proliferation of multimodal metaphors, amplifying the complexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Xingyuan Lu , Yuxi Liu , Dongyu Zhang , Zhiyao Wu , Jing Ren , Feng Xia

Mobile graphical user interface (GUI) agents enable AI models to autonomously operate smartphones on behalf of users. However, most existing systems focus primarily on optimizing task accuracy and rely on cloud-hosted models for inference,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Runxi Huang , Liyu Zhang , Shengzhong Liu , Xiaomin Ouyang

In recent years, machine learning has been widely adopted to automate the audio mixing process. Automatic mixing systems have been applied to various audio effects such as gain-adjustment, equalization, and reverberation. These systems can…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Satvik Venkatesh , David Moffat , Eduardo Reck Miranda

It is important for machines to interpret human emotions properly for better human-machine communications, as emotion is an essential part of human-to-human communications. One aspect of emotion is reflected in the language we use. How to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Ji Ho Park

While there exist strong benchmark datasets for grammatical error correction (GEC), high-quality annotated spoken datasets for Spoken GEC (SGEC) are still under-resourced. In this paper, we propose a fully automated method to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Penny Karanasou , Mengjie Qian , Stefano Bannò , Mark J. F. Gales , Kate M. Knill

Objective: To detect and classify features of stigmatizing and biased language in intensive care electronic health records (EHRs) using natural language processing techniques. Materials and Methods: We first created a lexicon and regular…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Drew Walker , Annie Thorne , Sudeshna Das , Jennifer Love , Hannah LF Cooper , Melvin Livingston , Abeed Sarker