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The field of medical diagnosis has undergone a significant transformation with the advent of large language models (LLMs), yet the challenges of interpretability within these models remain largely unaddressed. This study introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Junying Chen , Chi Gui , Anningzhe Gao , Ke Ji , Xidong Wang , Xiang Wan , Benyou Wang

The clinical notes are usually typed into the system by physicians. They are typically required to be marked by standard medical codes, and each code represents a diagnosis or medical treatment procedure. Annotating these notes is time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Guodong Liu

International Classification of Diseases(ICD) is an authoritative health care classification system of different diseases and conditions for clinical and management purposes. Considering the complicated and dedicated process to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Haoran Shi , Pengtao Xie , Zhiting Hu , Ming Zhang , Eric P. Xing

The unstructured nature of clinical notes within electronic health records often conceals vital patient-related information, making it challenging to access or interpret. To uncover this hidden information, specialized Natural Language…

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns diagnosis codes to clinical documents and is essential for healthcare billing and clinical analysis. Reliable coding requires that each predicted code be supported by explicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xu Zhang , Wenxin Ma , Chenxu Wu , Rongsheng Wang , Zhiyang He , Xiaodong Tao , Kun Zhang , S. Kevin Zhou

Machine learning-based multi-label medical text classifications can be used to enhance the understanding of the human body and aid the need for patient care. We present a broad study on clinical natural language processing techniques to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Vithya Yogarajan , Jacob Montiel , Tony Smith , Bernhard Pfahringer

This study evaluates how well large language models (LLMs) can classify ICD-10 codes from hospital discharge summaries, a critical but error-prone task in healthcare. Using 1,500 summaries from the MIMIC-IV dataset and focusing on the 10…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Akram Mustafa , Usman Naseem , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi

Addressing the complexity of accurately classifying International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes from medical discharge summaries is challenging due to the intricate nature of medical documentation. This paper explores the use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zeyd Boukhers , AmeerAli Khan , Qusai Ramadan , Cong Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in clinical applications through prompt engineering, allowing flexible clinical predictions. However, they struggle to produce reliable prediction probabilities, which are crucial for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Bowen Gu , Rishi J. Desai , Kueiyu Joshua Lin , Jie Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally transformed approaches to Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks across diverse domains. In healthcare, accurate and cost-efficient text classification is crucial, whether for clinical notes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Hajar Sakai , Sarah S. Lam

Medical code assignment, which predicts medical codes from clinical texts, is a fundamental task of intelligent medical information systems. The emergence of deep models in natural language processing has boosted the development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen

Automated International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns standardized diagnosis and procedure codes to clinical records, playing a critical role in healthcare systems. However, existing methods face challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mucheng Ren , He Chen , Yuchen Yan , Danqing Hu , Jun Xu , Xian Zeng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized various sectors, including healthcare where they are employed in diverse applications. Their utility is particularly significant in the context of rare diseases, where data scarcity,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Qiuhao Lu , Rui Li , Andrew Wen , Jinlian Wang , Liwei Wang , Hongfang Liu

The massive scale and growth of textual biomedical data have made its indexing and classification increasingly important. However, existing research on this topic mainly utilized convolutional and recurrent neural networks, which generally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Bruce Nguyen , Shaoxiong Ji

Lesion detection, symptom tracking, and visual explainability are central to real-world medical image analysis, yet current medical Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still lack mechanisms that translate their broad knowledge into clinically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Woohyeon Park , Jaeik Kim , Sunghwan Steve Cho , Pa Hong , Wookyoung Jeong , Yoojin Nam , Namjoon Kim , Ginny Y. Wong , Ka Chun Cheung , Jaeyoung Do

All languages are equal; when it comes to tokenization, some are more equal than others. Tokens are the hidden currency that dictate the cost and latency of access to contemporary LLMs. However, many languages written in non-Latin scripts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Maitrey Mehta , Nishant Subramani , Zhichao Xu , Ashim Gupta , Vivek Srikumar

Medical concept extraction from electronic health records underpins many downstream applications, yet remains challenging because medically meaningful concepts are frequently implied rather than explicitly stated in medical narratives.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhichao Yang , Gregory D. Lyng , Sanjit Singh Batra , Robert E. Tillman

Healthcare providers usually record detailed notes of the clinical care delivered to each patient for clinical, research, and billing purposes. Due to the unstructured nature of these narratives, providers employ dedicated staff to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Chufan Gao , Mononito Goswami , Jieshi Chen , Artur Dubrawski

Automated medical coding, an essential task for healthcare operation and delivery, makes unstructured data manageable by predicting medical codes from clinical documents. Recent advances in deep learning and natural language processing have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Shaoxiong Ji , Wei Sun , Xiaobo Li , Hang Dong , Ara Taalas , Yijia Zhang , Honghan Wu , Esa Pitkänen , Pekka Marttinen

Prediction of medical codes from clinical notes is a practical and essential need for every healthcare delivery organization within current medical systems. Automating annotation will save significant time and excessive effort that human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Byung-Hak Kim