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Typically, tokenization is the very first step in most text processing works. As a token serves as an atomic unit that embeds the contextual information of text, how to define a token plays a decisive role in the performance of a model.Even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Kyubyong Park , Joohong Lee , Seongbo Jang , Dawoon Jung

Due to the increased demand for music streaming/recommender services and the recent developments of music information retrieval frameworks, Music Genre Classification (MGC) has attracted the community's attention. However,…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Ahmed Heakl , Abdelrahman Abdelgawad , Victor Parque

We introduce VampNet, a masked acoustic token modeling approach to music synthesis, compression, inpainting, and variation. We use a variable masking schedule during training which allows us to sample coherent music from the model by…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Hugo Flores Garcia , Prem Seetharaman , Rithesh Kumar , Bryan Pardo

While a variety of ensemble methods for multilabel classification have been proposed in the literature, the question of how to aggregate the predictions of the individual members of the ensemble has received little attention so far. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Vu-Linh Nguyen , Eyke Hüllermeier , Michael Rapp , Eneldo Loza Mencía , Johannes Fürnkranz

Symbolic music analysis tasks are often performed by models originally developed for Natural Language Processing, such as Transformers. Such models require the input data to be represented as sequences, which is achieved through a process…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Dinh-Viet-Toan Le , Louis Bigo , Mikaela Keller

Song generation is regarded as the most challenging problem in music AIGC; nonetheless, existing approaches have yet to fully overcome four persistent limitations: controllability, generalizability, perceptual quality, and duration. We…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Tongxi Wang , Yang Yu , Qing Wang , Junlang Qian

Generating music has a few notable differences from generating images and videos. First, music is an art of time, necessitating a temporal model. Second, music is usually composed of multiple instruments/tracks with their own temporal…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-06 Hao-Wen Dong , Wen-Yi Hsiao , Li-Chia Yang , Yi-Hsuan Yang

In this work we extend a multi-qubit benchmarking technique known as the Binned Output Generation (BOG) in order to discriminate between coherent and incoherent noise sources in the multi-qubit regime. While methods exist to discriminate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Jin-Sung Kim , Lev S. Bishop , Antonio D. Corcoles , Seth Merkel , John A. Smolin , Sarah Sheldon

In this paper, we explore the tokenized representation of musical scores using the Transformer model to automatically generate musical scores. Thus far, sequence models have yielded fruitful results with note-level (MIDI-equivalent)…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Masahiro Suzuki

Batched network coding (BNC) is a low-complexity solution to network transmission in multi-hop packet networks with packet loss. BNC encodes the source data into batches of packets. As a network coding scheme, the intermediate nodes perform…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Hoover H. F. Yin , Ka Hei Ng , Allen Z. Zhong , Raymond W. Yeung , Shenghao Yang , Ian Y. Y. Chan

Multi-track music generation has garnered significant research interest due to its precise mixing and remixing capabilities. However, existing models often overlook essential attributes such as rhythmic stability and synchronization,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hongrui Wang , Fan Zhang , Zhiyuan Yu , Ziya Zhou , Xi Chen , Can Yang , Yang Wang

Bipartite ranking is a fundamental supervised learning problem, with the goal of learning a ranking over instances with maximal Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) against a single binary target label. However, one may often observe multiple…

We propose a generative framework for multi-track music source separation (MSS) that reformulates the task as conditional discrete token generation. Unlike conventional approaches that directly estimate continuous signals in the time or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-20 Pengbo Lyu , Xiangyu Zhao , Chengwei Liu , Haoyin Yan , Xiaotao Liang , Hongyu Wang , Shaofei Xue

Proving capacity for networks without feedback or cooperation usually involves two fundamental random coding techniques: superposition coding and binning. Although conceptually very different, these two techniques often achieve the same…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-02-08 Stefano Rini

In recent years, language models have become increasingly larger and more complex. However, the input representations for these models continue to rely on simple and greedy subword tokenization methods. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 David Samuel , Lilja Øvrelid

We present new methods for multilabel classification, relying on ensemble learning on a collection of random output graphs imposed on the multilabel and a kernel-based structured output learner as the base classifier. For ensemble learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-19 Hongyu Su , Juho Rousu

Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) serves as a foundation method for text tokenization in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field. Despite its wide adoption, the original BPE algorithm harbors an inherent flaw: it inadvertently introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Haoran Lian , Yizhe Xiong , Jianwei Niu , Shasha Mo , Zhenpeng Su , Zijia Lin , Hui Chen , Peng Liu , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding

Coded multicasting has been shown to improve the caching performance of content delivery networks with multiple caches downstream of a common multicast link. However, the schemes that have been shown to achieve order-optimal perfor- mance…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-11-25 Mingyue Ji , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Giuseppe Vettigli , Jaime Llorca , Antonia M. Tulino , Giuseppe Caire

We propose a compressive yet effective mesh representation, Blocked and Patchified Tokenization (BPT), facilitating the generation of meshes exceeding 8k faces. BPT compresses mesh sequences by employing block-wise indexing and patch…

Audio tokenization bridges continuous waveforms and multi-track music language models. In dual-track modeling, tokens should preserve three properties at once: high-fidelity reconstruction, strong predictability under a language model, and…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Rui Lin , Zhiyue Wu , Jiahe Le , Kangdi Wang , Weixiong Chen , Junyu Dai , Tao Jiang