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Motivated by an increase of renewable energy sources we propose a distributed optimal Load Frequency Control scheme achieving frequency regulation and economic dispatch. Based on an energy function of the power network we derive an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-08-03 Sebastian Trip , Claudio De Persis

This paper studies a power transmission system with both conventional generators (CGs) and distributed energy assets (DEAs) providing frequency control. We consider an operating condition with demand aggregating two dynamic components: one…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-02 Mahmoud Abdelgalil , Vishal Shenoy , Guido Cavraro , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Jorge I. Poveda

An increase in the integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) to the electric grid, will lead to a corresponding decrease in the amount of connected synchronous generators, resulting in a decline in the available rotational inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-31 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

This paper analyses an emerging real-world phenomena in inverter-based renewable-dominated power systems, namely, asymmetry of frequency distribution. The paper first provides a rationale on why asymmetry reduces the "quality" of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-22 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

We present a method to design distributed generation and demand control schemes for primary frequency regulation in power networks that guarantee asymptotic stability and ensure fairness of allocation. We impose a passivity condition on net…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Andreas Kasis , Eoin Devane , Ioannis Lestas

As hyperscale and co-located data centers scale, the electric grid sees an increase in large, voltage-sensitive IT loads with these data center plant size ranging between 500 MW to 2 GW. A sudden loss of these loads as they switch to onsite…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Soham Ghosh , Mohammad Ashraf Hossain Sadi

The increasing penetration of volatile renewables combined with increasing demands poses a challenge to modern power grids. Furthermore, distributed energy resources and flexible devices (electric vehicles, PV generation, ...) are becoming…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Emrah Öztürk , Kevin Kaspar , Timm Faulwasser , Karl Worthmann , Peter Kepplinger , Klaus Rheinberger

The rapid expansion of data center infrastructure is reshaping power system dynamics by significantly increasing electricity demand while also offering potential for fast and controllable flexibility. To ensure reliable operation under such…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Pengyu Ren , Wei Sun , Yifan Wang , Gareth Harrison

The renewable energy is connected to the power grid through power electronic converters, which are lack of make the inertia of synchronous generator/machine (SM) be lost. The increasing penetration of renewable energy in power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-15 Yuan Gao , Hai-Peng Ren , Jie Li

Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

The rapid growth of hyperscale data centers driven by Large Language Models and Artificial Intelligence workloads has introduced new challenges for power systems. These facilities experience abrupt power variations during model training and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Yousef Abudyak , Mohsen Alizadeh , Wei Sun

With widespread deployment of renewables, the electric power grids are experiencing increasing dynamics and uncertainties, with its secure operation being threatened. Existing frequency control schemes based on day-ahead offline analysis…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-02 Yi Zhou , Liangcai Zhou , Di Shi , Xiaoying Zhao

How to practically maintain the frequency stability of large-scale power systems by a decentralized way is a simple but non-trivial question. In other words, is it possible to design any local controller without understanding the other…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-13 Binh-Minh Nguyen , Ngoc Tran-Huynh , Michihiro Kawanishi , Tatsuo Narikiyo

Modern distribution grids are currently being challenged by frequent and sizable voltage fluctuations, due mainly to the increasing deployment of electric vehicles and renewable generators. Existing approaches to maintaining bus voltage…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Qiuling Yang , Gang Wang , Alireza Sadeghi , Georgios B. Giannakis , Jian Sun

We consider the problem of designing learning-based reactive power controllers that perform voltage regulation in distribution grids while ensuring closed-loop system stability. In contrast to existing methods, where the provably stable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Zhenyi Yuan , Jie Feng , Yuanyuan Shi , Jorge Cortés

As the energy transition transforms power grids across the globe, it poses several challenges regarding grid design and control. In particular, high levels of intermittent renewable generation complicate the task of continuously balancing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Randall Martyr , Benjamin Schaefer , Christian Beck , Vito Latora

This paper proposes a reinforcement learning-based approach for optimal transient frequency control in power systems with stability and safety guarantees. Building on Lyapunov stability theory and safety-critical control, we derive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-22 Zhenyi Yuan , Changhong Zhao , Jorge Cortes

Large renewable penetration has been witnessed in power systems, resulting in reduced levels of system inertia and increasing requirements for frequency response services. There have been plenty of studies developing frequency-constrained…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-25 Yi Wang , Goran Strbac

One of the most important challenges facing an electric grid is to incorporate renewables and distributed energy resources (DERs) to the grid. Because of the associated uncertainties in power generations and peak power demands,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-04-15 Mayank Baranwal , Srinivasa M. Salapaka

In this paper we propose distributed dynamic controllers for sharing both frequency containment and restoration reserves of asynchronous AC systems connected through a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid. The communication structure of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-14 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson