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Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as promising tools for knowledge tracing (KT) due to their strong reasoning and generalization abilities. While recent LLM-based KT methods have proposed new prompt formats, they struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 JongWoo Kim , SeongYeub Chu , Bryan Wong , Mun Yi

Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities. Each student's knowledge is modeled by estimating the performance of the student on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shalini Pandey , George Karypis

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical technique for modeling student knowledge to support personalized learning. However, most KT systems focus on binary correctness prediction and cannot diagnose the underlying conceptual misunderstandings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yu-Chen Kang , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is to trace the knowledge of students as they solve a sequence of problems represented by their related skills. This involves abstract concepts of students' states of knowledge and the interactions between those…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-09 Jinseok Lee , Dit-Yan Yeung

Knowledge tracing (KT), a key component of an intelligent tutoring system, is a machine learning technique that estimates the mastery level of a student based on his/her past performance. The objective of KT is to predict a student's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Heonseok Ha , Uiwon Hwang , Yongjun Hong , Jahee Jang , Sungroh Yoon

Despite the recent advances showing that a model pre-trained on large-scale source code data is able to gain appreciable generalization capability, it still requires a sizeable amount of data on the target task for fine-tuning. And the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Changan Niu , Chuanyi Li , Vincent Ng , Bin Luo

Recent advances in artificial intelligence for education leverage generative large language models, including using them to predict open-ended student responses rather than their correctness only. However, the black-box nature of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Nigel Fernandez , Andrew Lan

Developing efficient software and hardware has never been harder whether it is for a tiny IoT device or an Exascale supercomputer. Apart from the ever growing design and optimization complexity, there exist even more fundamental problems…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-01-25 Grigori Fursin , Anton Lokhmotov , Dmitry Savenko , Eben Upton

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for code understanding. However, deploying these PLMs in large-scale applications faces practical challenges due to their computational intensity and inference latency.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Ruiqi Wang , Zezhou Yang , Cuiyun Gao , Xin Xia , Qing Liao

Most existing pre-trained language models for source code focus on learning the static code text, typically augmented with static code structures (abstract syntax tree, dependency graphs, etc.). However, program semantics will not be fully…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Yangruibo Ding , Ben Steenhoek , Kexin Pei , Gail Kaiser , Wei Le , Baishakhi Ray

Knowledge Tracing (KT) diagnoses students' concept mastery through continuous learning state monitoring in education.Existing methods primarily focus on studying behavioral sequences based on ID or textual information.While existing methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Xingcheng Fu , Shengpeng Wang , Yisen Gao , Xianxian Li , Chunpei Li , Qingyun Sun , Dongran Yu

Code pre-trained models (CodePTMs) have recently demonstrated significant success in code intelligence. To interpret these models, some probing methods have been applied. However, these methods fail to consider the inherent characteristics…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Nuo Chen , Qiushi Sun , Renyu Zhu , Xiang Li , Xuesong Lu , Ming Gao

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial technique to predict students' future performance by observing their historical learning processes. Due to the powerful representation ability of deep neural networks, remarkable progress has been made by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jiahao Chen , Zitao Liu , Shuyan Huang , Qiongqiong Liu , Weiqi Luo

Code language models have emerged as useful tools for various programming tasks, yet they often struggle when it comes to complex ones. In this paper, we explore the potential of curriculum learning in enhancing the performance of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Marwa Naïr , Kamel Yamani , Lynda Said Lhadj , Riyadh Baghdadi

We introduce TACO, an open-source, large-scale code generation dataset, with a focus on the optics of algorithms, designed to provide a more challenging training dataset and evaluation benchmark in the field of code generation models. TACO…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Rongao Li , Jie Fu , Bo-Wen Zhang , Tao Huang , Zhihong Sun , Chen Lyu , Guang Liu , Zhi Jin , Ge Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Learning-based techniques, especially advanced pre-trained models for code have demonstrated capabilities in code understanding and generation, solving diverse software engineering (SE) tasks. Despite the promising results, current training…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Kyi Shin Khant , Hong Yi Lin , Patanamon Thongtanunam

Knowledge tracing is a technique that predicts students' future performance by analyzing their learning process through historical interactions with intelligent educational platforms, enabling a precise evaluation of their knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Zhiyu Chen , Wei Ji , Jing Xiao , Zitao Liu

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in educational data mining that mainly focuses on students' dynamic cognitive states of skills. The question-answering process of students can be regarded as a thinking process that considers the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Haotian Zhang , Chenyang Bu , Fei Liu , Shuochen Liu , Yuhong Zhang , Xuegang Hu

Monitoring student knowledge states or skill acquisition levels known as knowledge tracing, is a fundamental part of intelligent tutoring systems. Despite its inherent challenges, recent deep neural networks based knowledge tracing models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Zhiwei Wang , Xiaoqin Feng , Jiliang Tang , Gale Yan Huang , Zitao Liu