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Knowledge tracing (KT) models, e.g., the deep knowledge tracing (DKT) model, track an individual learner's acquisition of skills over time by examining the learner's performance on questions related to those skills. A practical limitation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Shashank Sonkar , Andrew E. Waters , Andrew S. Lan , Phillip J. Grimaldi , Richard G. Baraniuk

Intelligent Tutoring Systems have become critically important in future learning environments. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a crucial part of that system. It is about inferring the skill mastery of students and predicting their performance to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Sein Minn , Jill-Jenn Vie , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima , Feida Zhu

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interactions with intelligent tutoring systems. Recent studies have applied multiple types of deep neural networks to solve the KT…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Boyu Gao , Weiqi Luo , Jian Weng

Knowledge tracing aims to track students' knowledge status over time to predict students' future performance accurately. Markov chain-based knowledge tracking (MCKT) models can track knowledge concept mastery probability over time. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Hengyu Liu , Tiancheng Zhang , Fan Li , Minghe Yu , Ge Yu

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a crucial basis for pedagogical decision-making, namely which task to select next for a learner and when to stop teaching a particular skill. Given the high stakes of pedagogical decisions, KT models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Adia Khalid , Alina Deriyeva , Benjamin Paassen

Knowledge tracing (KT) plays a crucial role in predicting students' future performance by analyzing their historical learning processes. Deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown great potential in solving the KT problem. However, there still…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Hengyuan Zhang , Zitao Liu , Chenming Shang , Dawei Li , Yong Jiang

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), such as Massive Open Online Courses, offer new opportunities for human learning. At the core of such systems, knowledge tracing (KT) predicts students' future performance by analyzing their historical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hengyu Liu , Yushuai Li , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Torben Bach Pedersen , Kristian Torp , Christian S. Jensen , Tianyi Li

Can machines trace human knowledge like humans? Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in a wide range of applications in education, such as massive open online courses (MOOCs), intelligent tutoring systems, educational games, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to leverage students' learning histories to estimate their mastery levels on a set of pre-defined skills, based on which the corresponding future performance can be accurately predicted. As an important way of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Fucai Ke , Weiqing Wang , Weicong Tan , Lan Du , Yuan Jin , Yujin Huang , Hongzhi Yin

Providing effective feedback for programming assignments in computer science education can be challenging: students solve problems by iteratively submitting code, executing it, and using limited feedback from the compiler or the auto-grader…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Hasnain Heickal , Andrew Lan

Open-ended programming increases students' motivation by allowing them to solve authentic problems and connect programming to their own interests. However, such open-ended projects are also challenging, as they often encourage students to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Wengran Wang , Archit Kwatra , James Skripchuk , Neeloy Gomes , Alexandra Milliken , Chris Martens , Tiffany Barnes , Thomas Price

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online learning for modeling student knowledge over time. Despite the success of deep learning-based KT models, which rely on sequences of numbers as data, most existing approaches fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Existing Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) frameworks typically select questions based on the predicted likelihood that the student will answer correctly. This design ignores information contained in students' open-ended responses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Wanyong Feng , Alexander Scarlatos , Ruochen Sun , Andrew Lan

Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the problem of predicting future learner performance given their past performance in educational applications. Recent developments in KT using flexible deep neural network-based models excel at this task.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Aritra Ghosh , Neil Heffernan , Andrew S. Lan

Programming Knowledge Tracing (PKT) has recently advanced through hybrid approaches that integrate attention-based feature modeling for code representation with RNN-based sequential prediction. While these models report strong empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Jaewook Kim , Hyeoncheol Kim

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict the future performance of students by tracking the development of their knowledge states. Despite all the recent progress made in this field, the application of KT models in education systems is still…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Panagiotis Pagonis , Kai Hartung , Di Wu , Munir Georges , Sören Gröttrup

Reasoning capability is pivotal for Large Language Models (LLMs) to solve complex tasks, yet achieving reliable and scalable reasoning remains challenging. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has become a mainstream approach, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Honglin Lin , Qizhi Pei , Xin Gao , Zhuoshi Pan , Yu Li , Juntao Li , Conghui He , Lijun Wu

Knowledge Tracing (KT), which aims to model student knowledge level and predict their performance, is one of the most important applications of user modeling. Modern KT approaches model and maintain an up-to-date state of student knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Chunpai Wang , Shaghayegh Sahebi , Siqian Zhao , Peter Brusilovsky , Laura O. Moraes

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to assess individuals' evolving knowledge states according to their learning interactions with different exercises in online learning systems (OIS), which is critical in supporting decision-making for subsequent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Shuanghong Shen , Enhong Chen , Bihan Xu , Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Linbo Zhu , Yu Su

The 2017 ASSISTments Data Mining competition aims to use data from a longitudinal study for predicting a brand-new outcome of students which had never been studied before by the educational data mining research community. Specifically, it…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Chun-kit Yeung , Zizheng Lin , Kai Yang , Dit-yan Yeung