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This paper investigates power swing characteristics of grid-forming voltage source converter (GFM-VSC) systems considering the current limitation mode in both non-inertial and inertial GFM-VSC systems. Following grid faults, non-inertial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-17 Yongxin Xiong , Heng Wu , Yifei Li , Xiongfei Wang

This paper presents a hybrid model-AI framework for real-time dynamic security assessment of frequency stability in power systems. The proposed method rapidly estimates key frequency parameters under a dynamic set of disturbances, which are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-12 Francisco Zelaya-Arrazabal , Sebastian Martinez-Lizana , Hector Pulgar-Painemal , Jin Zhao

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

The rapid rise in inverter-based renewable resources has heightened concerns over subsynchronous resonance and oscillations, thereby challenging grid stability. This paper reviews approaches to identify and mitigate these issues, focusing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-16 Shuvangkar Chandra Das , Lokesh Saravana , Le Minh Vu , Manh Bui , Tuyen Vu , Jianhua Zhang , Thomas Ortmeyer

With the development of renewable energy sources, power systems are gradually evolving into a system comprising both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters. However, the dynamic interaction between the two types of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Hangyu Chen , Linbin Huang

Impedance-based stability analysis is appealing in the case of Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems. However, in the case of grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) systems, dq impedances of source and load (VSC) subsystems are…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Chen Zhang , Xu Cai , Atle Rygg , Marta Molinas

The increasing integration of intermittent renewable generation, especially at the distribution level,necessitates advanced planning and optimisation methodologies contingent on the knowledge of thegrid, specifically the admittance matrix…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-21 Jean-Sébastien Brouillon , Emanuele Fabbiani , Pulkit Nahata , Keith Moffat , Florian Dörfler , Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu

This work provides a design method for achieving a specified level of stability for inverter-based interconnected distributed generation. The stability of parallel connected distributed energy resources determined from a linearized…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Mahmood Saadeh , Roy McCann

Voltage support capability is critical for grid-forming (GFM) inverters with current-limiting control (CLC) during grid faults. Despite the findings on the voltage support for symmetrical grid faults, its applicability to more common but…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-08 Han Zhang , Rui Liu , Yunwei , Li

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a universally accepted definition of GFM behavior and precise method for its quantification remain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Liangxiao Luo , Xiaoying Liu , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

A dynamic phasor (DP) framework for time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of grid-forming converters (GFCs) connected to series-compensated transmission lines is proposed. The proposed framework can capture the behavior of GFCs…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-26 Fiaz Hossain , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

We propose a decentralized, frequency-domain identification algorithm that estimates the grid-equivalent model from the perspective of local converters. Since local electric signals in a multi-converter setup are affected by voltage inputs…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-28 Sanjay Chandrasekaran , Florian Dörfler , Silvia Mastellone

Representations of AC power systems by frequency dependent impedance equivalents is an emerging technique in the dynamic analysis of power systems including power electronic converters. The technique has been applied for decades in DC-power…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Atle Rygg , Marta Molinas , Zhang Chen , Xu Cai

This work presents (i) a framework for certifying small-signal frequency stability of a power system with line dynamics and heterogeneous bus dynamics, (ii) a novel reduced-order model of damper windings in synchronous machines, and (iii) a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Dahlia Saba , Dominic Groß

We propose a mathematical framework for designing robust networks of coupled phase-oscillators by leveraging a vulnerability measure proposed by Tyloo et. al that quantifies how much a small perturbation to a phase-oscillator's natural…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-14 Shriya V. Nagpal , Gokul G. Nair , Francesca Parise , C. Lindsay Anderson

Power converters are present in increasing numbers in the electric power grid. They are a major source of harmonic currents and voltages, which can reduce power quality and trip protection devices. The frequency coupling matrix (FCM) is a…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Antoine Lesage-Landry , Siyu Chen , Joshua A. Taylor

Impedance measurements have been widely used with the Nyquist plot to estimate the stability of interconnected power systems. Being a black-box method for equivalent and aggregated impedance estimation, its use for the identification of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-04-18 Mohammad Amin , Marta Molinas

As the number of converter-based renewable generations in the power system is increasing, the inertia provided by the synchronous generators is reducing, which in turn is reducing the stability margins of the power system. In order to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-12 Sujay Ghosh , Mohammad Kazem Bakhshizadeh , Łukasz Kocewiak , Guangya Yang