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Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are widely used in applications requiring extremely weak light detection. In the near-infrared region, SPDs based on InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are the primary candidates for practical…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-03-07 Chao Yu , Qi Xu , Jun Zhang

We present a novel structured light technique that uses Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays to enable 3D scanning at high-frame rates and low-light levels. This technique, called "Single-Photon Structured Light", works by sensing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Varun Sundar , Sizhuo Ma , Aswin C. Sankaranarayanan , Mohit Gupta

A single-photon avalanche detector (SPAD) for high-speed quantum-key generation has successfully been developed. It has the highest photon detection repetition frequency and the lowest dark count rate in the world, as a board-mountable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-12-28 Seigo Takahashi , Akio Tajima , Akihisa Tomita

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are a rapidly developing image sensing technology with extreme low-light sensitivity and picosecond timing resolution. These unique capabilities have enabled SPADs to be used in applications like…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-16 Trevor Seets , Atul Ingle , Martin Laurenzis , Andreas Velten

Benefiting from its single-photon sensitivity, single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array has been widely applied in various fields such as fluorescence lifetime imaging and quantum computing. However, large-scale high-fidelity…

Single photon detection is important for a wide range of low-light applications, including quantum information processing, spectroscopy, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). A key challenge in these applications has been to integrate…

Single-photon-avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are essential tools in biophotonics, optical ranging and sensing and quantum optics. However, their small number of pixels, low quantum efficiency and small fill factor have so far hindered their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-21 Hugo Defienne , Jiuxuan Zhao , Edoardo Charbon , Daniele Faccio

Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) have enabled various applications in emerging photonic quantum information technologies in recent years. However, despite many efforts to improve SPAD's performance, the design of SPADs remained…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Boyang Zhang , Zhe Li , Zhongju Wang , Yang Yu , Hark Hoe Tan , Chennupati Jagadish , Daoyi Dong , Lan Fu

Scene understanding under low-light conditions is a challenging problem. This is due to the small number of photons captured by the camera and the resulting low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Single-photon cameras (SPCs) are an emerging…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-18 Bhavya Goyal , Mohit Gupta

Active 3D imaging systems have broad applications across disciplines, including biological imaging, remote sensing and robotics. Applications in these domains require fast acquisition times, high timing resolution, and high detection…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Felix Heide , Steven Diamond , David B. Lindell , Gordon Wetzstein

Avalanche photo detection is commonly used in applications which require single photon sensitivity. We examine the limits of using avalanche photo diodes (APD) for characterising photon statistics at high data rates. To identify the regime…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge , C. Silberhorn

We report on the first demonstration of fluorescence detection using single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) monolithically integrated with a microfabricated surface ion trap. The SPADs are positioned below the trapping positions of the…

High-resolution 3D tracking with sub-nanosecond timing is required for the detection of elementary particles, such as neutrinos. Conventional detectors, which utilize analog silicon photomultipliers, face challenges in balancing spatial…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-11-24 Kodai Kaneyasu , Till Dieminger , Matthew Franks , Davide Sgalaberna , Claudio Bruschini , Edoardo Charbon

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are ubiquitous in many protocols for quantum imaging, sensing, and communications. Many of these protocols critically depend on the precise knowledge of their detection efficiency. A method for the calibration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Sujeet Pani , Duncan Earl , Francisco Elohim Becerra

Photon detection is a cornerstone of quantum technology, traditionally regarded as a static device-level operation constrained by the intrinsic physical properties of single-photon detectors (SPDs). Consequently, high-performance detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Hao Shu

Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) represent a cutting-edge imaging technology, capable of detecting individual photons with remarkable timing precision. Building on this sensitivity, Single Photon Cameras (SPCs) enable image capture at…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Sumit Sharma , Gopi Raju Matta , Kaushik Mitra

Fast, efficient, and accurate depth-sensing is important for safety-critical applications such as autonomous vehicles. Direct time-of-flight LiDAR has the potential to fulfill these demands, thanks to its ability to provide high-precision…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-04 Justin Folden , Atul Ingle , Sanjeev J. Koppal

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) based transient imaging suffers from an aberration called pile-up. When multiple photons arrive within a single repetition period of the illuminating laser, the SPAD records only the arrival of the first…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-06-21 Adithya K. Pediredla , Aswin C. Sankaranarayanan , Mauro Buttafava , Alberto Tosi , Ashok Veeraraghavan

Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are new and promising imaging sensors. These sensors are sensitive enough to detect individual photons hitting each pixel, with extreme temporal resolution and without readout noise. Thus, SPADs stand…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-01-21 Aleksi Suonsivu , Lauri Salmela , Leevi Uosukainen , Edoardo Peretti , Radu Ciprian Bilcu , Giacomo Boracchi

Silicon single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the key devices for detecting single photons in the visible wavelength range. Here we present high detection efficiency silicon SPDs dedicated to the generation of multiphoton entanglement based on…