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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various tasks, including instruction following, which is crucial for aligning model outputs with user expectations. However, evaluating LLMs' ability to follow…

The Instruction Following (IF) ability measures how well Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) understand exactly what users are telling them and whether they are doing it right. Existing multimodal instruction following training data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shengyuan Ding , Shenxi Wu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yuhang Zang , Haodong Duan , Xiaoyi Dong , Pan Zhang , Yuhang Cao , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Following multiple instructions is a crucial ability for large language models (LLMs). Evaluating this ability comes with significant challenges: (i) limited coherence between multiple instructions, (ii) positional bias where the order of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Xinyi Chen , Baohao Liao , Jirui Qi , Panagiotis Eustratiadis , Christof Monz , Arianna Bisazza , Maarten de Rijke

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow user instructions is central to their reliability, safety, and usefulness. While prior studies assess instruction adherence in the model's main responses, we argue that it is also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yongchan Kwon , Shang Zhu , Federico Bianchi , Kaitlyn Zhou , James Zou

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to real-world scenarios, it becomes crucial to understand their ability to follow multiple instructions simultaneously. To systematically evaluate these capabilities, we introduce two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Keno Harada , Yudai Yamazaki , Masachika Taniguchi , Edison Marrese-Taylor , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Instruction-following is essential for aligning large language models (LLMs) with user intent. While recent reasoning-oriented models exhibit impressive performance on complex mathematical problems, their ability to adhere to natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Tingchen Fu , Jiawei Gu , Yafu Li , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng

Language models are trained to follow instructions, but they are also powerful pattern completers. What happens when these two objectives conflict? We construct conversations in which a user instruction to behave in a target way T (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Carolina Camassa , Derek Shiller

Multi-turn instruction following is essential for building intelligent conversational systems that can consistently adhere to instructions across dialogue turns. However, existing approaches to enhancing multi-turn instruction following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Zhenhe Li , Can Lin , Ling Zheng , Wen-Da Wei , Junli Liang , Qi Song

Recent advances in large language models have laid the foundation for multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), which unify text, speech, and vision within a single framework. As these models are rapidly evolving toward general-purpose instruction following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Sara Papi , Maike Züfle , Marco Gaido , Beatrice Savoldi , Danni Liu , Ioannis Douros , Luisa Bentivogli , Jan Niehues

In this paper, we introduce the Instruction Following Score (IFS), a metric that detects language models' ability to follow instructions. The metric has a dual purpose. First, IFS can be used to distinguish between base and instruct models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Waseem AlShikh , Manhal Daaboul , Kirk Goddard , Brock Imel , Kiran Kamble , Parikshith Kulkarni , Melisa Russak

LLM evaluation benchmarks have traditionally separated the testing of knowledge/reasoning capabilities from instruction following. In this work, we study the interaction between knowledge and instruction following, and observe that LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Rudra Murthy , Praveen Venkateswaran , Prince Kumar , Danish Contractor

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly relied upon for complex workflows, yet their ability to maintain flow of instructions remains underexplored. Existing benchmarks conflate task complexity with structural ordering, making it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Andrew Jaffe , Noah Reicin , Jinho D. Choi

Evaluating the instruction-following (IF) capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) is essential for rigorously assessing how faithfully model outputs adhere to user-specified intentions. Nevertheless, existing benchmarks for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Weilei He , Feng Ju , Zhiyuan Fan , Rui Min , Minhao Cheng , Yi R. Fung

The rapid advancements of Text-to-Image (T2I) models have ushered in a new phase of AI-generated content, marked by their growing ability to interpret and follow user instructions. However, existing T2I model evaluation benchmarks fall…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Xinyu Wei , Jinrui Zhang , Zeqing Wang , Hongyang Wei , Zhen Guo , Lei Zhang

High-quality instructions and responses are essential for the zero-shot performance of large language models on interactive natural language tasks. For interactive vision-language tasks involving intricate visual scenes, a large quantity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Bo Li , Yuanhan Zhang , Liangyu Chen , Jinghao Wang , Fanyi Pu , Jingkang Yang , Chunyuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Instruction Fine-Tuning enhances pre-trained language models from basic next-word prediction to complex instruction-following. However, existing One-off Instruction Fine-Tuning (One-off IFT) method, applied on a diverse instruction, may not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Wei Pang , Chuan Zhou , Xiao-Hua Zhou , Xiaojie Wang

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) can be tailored to adhere to human instructions through instruction tuning. However, due to shifts in the distribution of test-time data, they may not always execute instructions accurately,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Hai Ye , Hwee Tou Ng

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has led to impressive performance on a range of tasks, yet advanced instruction following (IF)-especially for complex, multi-turn, and system-prompted instructions-remains a significant…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in code generation tasks and have become indispensable programming assistants for developers. However, existing code generation benchmarks primarily assess the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Peiding Wang , Li Zhang , Fang Liu , Lin Shi , Minxiao Li , Bo Shen , An Fu

Retriever-augmented instruction-following models are attractive alternatives to fine-tuned approaches for information-seeking tasks such as question answering (QA). By simply prepending retrieved documents in its input along with an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Vaibhav Adlakha , Parishad BehnamGhader , Xing Han Lu , Nicholas Meade , Siva Reddy
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