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Discrete ordinates $S_N$ transport solvers on unstructured meshes pose a challenge to scale due to complex data dependencies, memory access patterns and a high-dimensional domain. In this paper, we review the performance bottlenecks within…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Alex Elwood , Tom Deakin , Justin Lovegrove , Chris Nelson

Neuromorphic computing, which seeks to replicate the brain's ability to process information, has garnered significant attention due to its potential to achieve brain-like computing efficiency and human cognitive intelligence. Spin-orbit…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Cuimei Cao , Wei Duan , Xiaoyu Feng , Yan Xu , Yihan Wang , Zhenzhong Yang , Qingfeng Zhan , Long You

The discovery of spin-orbit torques (SOTs) generated through the spin Hall or Rashba effects provides an alternative write approach for magnetic random-access memory (MRAM), igniting the development of spin-orbitronics in recent years.…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-01-09 Hanying Zhang , Qianwen Zhao , Baiqing Jiang , Yuan Wang , Tunan Xie , Kaihua Lou , ChaoChao Xia , C. Bi

The use of analog resistance states for storing weights in neuromorphic systems is impeded by fabrication imprecision and device stochasticity that limit the precision of synapse weights. This challenge can be resolved by emulating analog…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Peng Zhou , Julie A. Smith , Laura Deremo , Stephen K. Heinrich-Barna , Joseph S. Friedman

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (sMTJs) are emerging as promising components for stochastic units in neuromorphic computing, owing to their tunable random switching behavior. Conventional MTJ control methods, such as spin-transfer torque…

In-memory computing promises to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck in computer systems by performing computations directly within the memory. Previous research has suggested using Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) for in-memory computing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Dhruv Gajaria , Kevin Antony Gomez , Tosiron Adegbija

Storage Class Memory (SCM) is a class of memory technology which has recently become viable for use. Their namearises from the fact that they exhibit non-volatility of data, similar to secondary storage while also having latencies…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Aditya K Kamath , Leslie Monis , A Tarun Karthik , Basavaraj Talawar

Recent advances in LLMs have outpaced the computational and memory capacities of edge platforms that primarily employ CPUs, thereby challenging efficient and scalable deployment. While ternary quantization enables significant resource…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hyunwoo Oh , KyungIn Nam , Rajat Bhattacharjya , Hanning Chen , Tamoghno Das , Sanggeon Yun , Suyeon Jang , Andrew Ding , Nikil Dutt , Mohsen Imani

In this paper, we develop a 6-input fracturable non-volatile Clockless LUT (C-LUT) using spin Hall effect (SHE)-based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) and provide a detailed comparison between the SHE-MTJ-based C-LUT and Spin Transfer…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Soheil Salehi , Ramtin Zand , Ronald F. DeMara

Conventional 6T SRAM is used in microprocessors in the cache memory design. The basic 6T SRAM cell and a 6 bit memory array layout are designed in LEdit. The design and analysis of key SRAM components, sense amplifiers, decoders, write…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-14 Justin London

We investigate fast-pulse switching of in-plane-magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) within 3-terminal devices in which spin-transfer torque is applied to the MTJ by the giant spin Hall effect. We measure reliable switching, with…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-06-22 Sriharsha V. Aradhya , Graham E. Rowlands , Junseok Oh , Daniel C. Ralph , Robert A. Buhrman

Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) based Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) is poised to replace embedded Flash for advanced applications such as automotive microcontroller units. To achieve deeper technological…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-02-28 Nicholas A. Lanzillo , Sergey Faleev , Aakash Pushp

Spintronic devices, such as non-volatile magnetic random access memories and logic devices, have attracted considerable attention as potential candidates for future high efficient data storage and computing technology. In a heavy metal or…

Materials Science · Physics 2018-08-01 Yi Wang , Rajagopalan Ramaswamy , Hyunsoo Yang

Magneto-Electric FET (MEFET) is a recently developed post-CMOS FET, which offers intriguing characteristics for high speed and low-power design in both logic and memory applications. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Shaahin Angizi , Navid Khoshavi , Andrew Marshall , Peter Dowben , Deliang Fan

We propose and computationally analyze a nonvolatile static random access memory (NV-SRAM) cell using magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with magnetic-field-free current-induced magnetization switching (CIMS) architecture. A pair of MTJs…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-05-13 Shuu'ichirou Yamamoto , Satoshi Sugahara

A promising branch of neuromorphic computing aims to perform cognitive operations in hardware leveraging the physics of efficient and well-established nano-devices. In this work, we present a reconfigurable classifier based on a network of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 A. Lopez , D. Costa , T. Bohnert , P. P. Freitas , R. Ferreira , I. Barbero , J. Camarero , C. Leon , J. Grollier , M. Romera

With the staggering increase of edge compute applications like Internet-of-Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), the demand for fast, energy-efficient on-chip memory is growing. While the fast and mature static random-access memory…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Albi Mema , Simon Thomann , Narendra Singh Dhakad , Hussam Amrouch

There is an extremely high demand for a high speed, low power, low leakage, and low noise Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) for high performance cache memories. The energy efficiency of SRAM is of paramount importance in both high…

Applied Physics · Physics 2020-12-08 Antardipan Pal , Yong Zhang , Dennis D. Yau

The complementary field-effect transistors (CFETs), featuring vertically stacked n/p-FETs, enhance integration density and significantly reduce the area of standard cells such as static random-access memory (SRAM). However, the advantage of…

Multistate memory systems have the ability to store and process more data in the same physical space as binary memory systems, making them a potential alternative to existing binary memory systems. In the past, it has been demonstrated that…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-08-27 Md Mahadi Rajib , Namita Bindal , Ravish Kumar Raj , Brajesh Kumar Kaushik , Jayasimha Atulasimha