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We consider the Brown measure of the free circular Brownian motion, $\boldsymbol{a}+\sqrt{t}\boldsymbol{x}$, with an arbitrary initial condition $\boldsymbol{a}$, i.e. $\boldsymbol{a}$ is a general non-normal operator and $\boldsymbol{x}$…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-11-25 László Erdős , Hong Chang Ji

We consider $n\times n$ non-Hermitian random matrices with independent entries and a variance profile, as well as an additive deterministic diagonal deformation. We show that their empirical eigenvalue distribution converges to a limiting…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-11-11 Johannes Alt , Torben Krüger

We compute the Brown measure of $x_{0}+i\sigma_{t}$, where $\sigma_{t}$ is a free semicircular Brownian motion and $x_{0}$ is a freely independent self-adjoint element that is not a multiple of the identity. The Brown measure is supported…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-05-02 Brian C. Hall , Ching-Wei Ho

Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ are two $*$-free (generally unbounded) random variables with Brown measures $\mu_{X_{1}}$ and $\mu_{X_{2}}$, respectively. Using properties of classical free additive convolutions, we develop a method for…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-02-05 Hari Bercovici , Ping Zhong

The triangular elliptic operators are natural extensions of the elliptic deformation of circular operators. We obtain a Brown measure formula for the sum of a triangular elliptic operator $g_{_{\alpha, \beta, \gamma}}$ with a random…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2024-02-16 Serban Belinschi , Zhi Yin , Ping Zhong

We completely determine the Brown measure of the sum of a self-adjoint element and an elliptic element, which is the limiting eigenvalue distribution of the random matrix \[Y_N+\sqrt{s-\frac{t}{2}}X_N+i\sqrt{\frac{t}{2}}X_N'\] where $Y_N$…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2022-08-24 Ching-Wei Ho

Given an $n\times n$ random matrix $X_n$ with i.i.d. entries of unit variance, the circular law says that the empirical spectral distribution (ESD) of $X_n/\sqrt{n}$ converges to the uniform measure on the unit disk. Let $M_n$ be a…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Ping Zhong

Let $x,y$ be freely independent selfadjoint elements in a $W^{*}$-probability space, where $y$ has free Poisson distribution of parameter $p$. We pursue a methodology for computing the absolutely continuous part of the Brown measure of $x +…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Franz Lehner , Alexandru Nica , Kamil Szpojankowski , Ping Zhong

We consider non-Hermitian random matrices $X \in \mathbb{C}^{n \times n}$ with general decaying correlations between their entries. For large $n$, the empirical spectral distribution is well approximated by a deterministic density,…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-02-25 Johannes Alt , Torben Krüger

We study freely infinitely divisible $R$-diagonal elements in the unbounded setting and Brown measures for free additive perturbations by such elements. This class includes circular elements, circular Cauchy elements, and other previously…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Yu Kitagawa , Mihai Popa , Ping Zhong

The free multiplicative Brownian motion $b_{t}$ is the large-$N$ limit of the Brownian motion on $\mathsf{GL}(N;\mathbb{C}),$ in the sense of $\ast $-distributions. The natural candidate for the large-$N$ limit of the empirical distribution…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-08-04 Bruce K. Driver , Brian C. Hall , Todd Kemp

We study the Brown measure of certain non-hermitian operators arising from Voiculescu's free probability theory. Usually those operators appear as the limit in *-moments of certain ensembles of non-hermitian random matrices, and the Brown…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2023-01-16 Serban Belinschi , Piotr Sniady , Roland Speicher

Let $Z_N$ be a Ginibre ensemble and let $A_N$ be a Hermitian random matrix independent from $Z_N$ such that $A_N$ converges in distribution to a self-adjoint random variable $x_0$. For each $t>0$, the random matrix $A_N+\sqrt{t}Z_N$…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2021-09-30 Ching-Wei Ho , Ping Zhong

We show that independent elliptic matrices converge to freely independent elliptic elements. Moreover, the elliptic matrices are asymptotically free with deterministic matrices under appropriate conditions. We compute the Brown measure of…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-10-24 Kartick Adhikari , Arup Bose

We introduce and carefully study a natural probability measure over the numerical range of a complex matrix $A \in M_n(\C)$. This numerical measure $\mu_A$ can be defined as the law of the random variable $<AX,X> \in \C$ when the vector $X…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2010-09-09 Thierry Gallay , Denis Serre

Consider the matrix $A_{\mathcal{G}}$ chosen uniformly at random from the finite set of all $N$-dimensional matrices of zero main-diagonal and binary entries, having each row and column of $A_{\mathcal{G}}$ sum to $d$. That is, the…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-07-31 Arka Adhikari , Amir Dembo

One of the great miracles of random matrix theory is that, in the $N \to \infty$ limit, many otherwise intractable matrix problems with horrendously complicated finite-$N$ expressions admit remarkably simple and elegant asymptotic…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-15 Pierre Bousseyroux , Marc Potters

An N-parameter Brownian sheet in R^d maps a non-random compact set F in R^N_+ to the random compact set B(F) in \R^d. We prove two results on the image-set B(F): (1) It has positive d-dimensional Lebesgue measure if and only if F has…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Davar Khoshnevisan , Yimin Xiao

We revisit the description provided by Ph. Biane of the spectral measure of the free unitary Brownian motion. We actually construct for any $t \in (0,4)$ a Jordan curve $\gamma_t$ around the origin, not intersecting the semi-axis…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2011-03-25 Nizar Demni , Taoufik Hmidi

Let $(\mathcal{A},\mathrm{tr})$ be a von Neumann algebra with a faithful, normal trace $\mathrm{tr}:\mathcal{A}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}.$ For each $a\in\mathcal{A},$ define \[…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2026-05-18 Brian C. Hall , Ching-Wei Ho
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