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Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) have demonstrated immense potential in autonomous driving (AD) by offering human-like reasoning and open-world generalization. However, the excessive computational overhead and high…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruoyu Yao , Ruiguo Zhong , Pei Liu , Mingxing Peng , Rui Yang , Jun Ma

Workshop courses designed to foster creativity are gaining popularity. However, even experienced faculty teams find it challenging to realize a holistic evaluation that accommodates diverse perspectives. Adequate deliberation is essential…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Toru Ishida , Tongxi Liu , Hailong Wang , William K. Cheunga

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming artificial intelligence, enabling autonomous agents to perform diverse tasks across various domains. These agents, proficient in human-like text comprehension and generation, have the potential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Saikat Barua

Automated unit test generation is critical for software quality but traditional structure-driven methods often lack the semantic understanding required to produce realistic inputs and oracles. Large language models (LLMs) address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Bei Chu , Yang Feng , Kui Liu , Zhaoqiang Guo , Yichi Zhang , Hange Shi , Zifan Nan , Baowen Xu

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated significant potential for end-to-end autonomous driving. However, the field still lacks a practical platform that enables dynamic model updates, rapid validation, fair comparison, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zhijie Qiao , Haowei Li , Zhong Cao , Henry X. Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have opened up new possibilities for intelligent agents, endowing them with human-like thinking and cognitive abilities. In this work, we delve into the potential of large language models (LLMs) in autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Erfei Cui , Wenhai Wang , Zhiqi Li , Jiangwei Xie , Haoming Zou , Hanming Deng , Gen Luo , Lewei Lu , Xizhou Zhu , Jifeng Dai

The advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have led to a growing interest in autonomous driving to leverage their strong reasoning capabilities. However, extending these capabilities from 2D to full 3D understanding is crucial for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Shihao Wang , Zhiding Yu , Xiaohui Jiang , Shiyi Lan , Min Shi , Nadine Chang , Jan Kautz , Ying Li , Jose M. Alvarez

The advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have led to a growing interest in autonomous driving to leverage their strong reasoning capabilities. However, extending these capabilities from 2D to full 3D understanding is crucial for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Shihao Wang , Zhiding Yu , Xiaohui Jiang , Shiyi Lan , Min Shi , Nadine Chang , Jan Kautz , Ying Li , Jose M. Alvarez

Large language model (LLM)-powered assistants are increasingly used for generating program code and unit tests, but their application in acceptance testing remains underexplored. To help address this gap, this paper explores the use of LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Margarida Ferreira , Luis Viegas , Joao Pascoal Faria , Bruno Lima

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) require extensive testing in simulation, but test case generation for driving scenarios is laborious. The desired scenarios are often out-of-distribution and have precise requirements on interactions with the AV…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Frieda Rong , Chris Zhang , Kelvin Wong , Raquel Urtasun

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-Agent LLMs (MALLMs) introduce non-determinism unlike traditional or machine learning software, requiring new approaches to verifying correctness beyond simple output comparisons or statistical accuracy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Felix Dobslaw , Robert Feldt , Juyeon Yoon , Shin Yoo

This paper presents a detailed case study examining the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the construction of test cases within the context of software engineering. LLMs, characterized by their advanced natural language…

The rise of multi-modal large language models(MLLMs) has spurred their applications in autonomous driving. Recent MLLM-based methods perform action by learning a direct mapping from perception to action, neglecting the dynamics of the world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Julong Wei , Shanshuai Yuan , Pengfei Li , Qingda Hu , Zhongxue Gan , Wenchao Ding

Implementing automated unit tests is an important but time-consuming activity in software development. To assist developers in this task, many techniques for automating unit test generation have been developed. However, despite this effort,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Rangeet Pan , Myeongsoo Kim , Rahul Krishna , Raju Pavuluri , Saurabh Sinha

Simulations, although powerful in accurately replicating real-world systems, often remain inaccessible to non-technical users due to their complexity. Conversely, large language models (LLMs) provide intuitive, language-based interactions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jacob Kleiman , Kevin Frank , Joseph Voyles , Sindy Campagna

Recent incidents with autonomous vehicles highlight the need for rigorous testing to ensure safety and robustness. Constructing test scenarios for autonomous driving systems (ADSs), however, is labor-intensive. We propose TARGET, an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yao Deng , Jiaohong Yao , Zhi Tu , Xi Zheng , Mengshi Zhang , Tianyi Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention for their ability to understand text and images, generate human-like text, and perform complex reasoning tasks. However, their ability to generalize this advanced reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Mehdi Azarafza , Mojtaba Nayyeri , Charles Steinmetz , Steffen Staab , Achim Rettberg

This paper proposes a novel Large Vision-Language Model (LVLM) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) integration framework that delivers both task scalability and safety for Autonomous Driving (AD). LVLMs excel at high-level task planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Kazuki Atsuta , Kohei Honda , Hiroyuki Okuda , Tatsuya Suzuki

Interaction between the background vehicles (BVs) and automated vehicles (AVs) in scenario-based testing plays a critical role in evaluating the intelligence of the AVs. Current testing scenarios typically employ predefined or scripted BVs,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-13 Yining Ma , Wei Jiang , Lingtong Zhang , Junyi Chen , Hong Wang , Chen Lv , Xuesong Wang , Lu Xiong

In the autonomous driving testing methods based on evolving scenarios, the construction method of the driver model, which determines the driving maneuvers of background vehicles (BVs) in the scenario, plays a critical role in generating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Xinzheng Wu , Junyi Chen , Shaolingfeng Ye , Wei Jiang , Yong Shen
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