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Linguistic Code-switching (CS) is still an understudied phenomenon in natural language processing. The NLP community has mostly focused on monolingual and multi-lingual scenarios, but little attention has been given to CS in particular.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Gustavo Aguilar , Thamar Solorio

Despite the great success of spoken language understanding (SLU) in high-resource languages, it remains challenging in low-resource languages mainly due to the lack of labeled training data. The recent multilingual code-switching approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Shining Liang , Linjun Shou , Jian Pei , Ming Gong , Wanli Zuo , Xianglin Zuo , Daxin Jiang

In multilingual societies, social conversations often involve code-mixed speech. The current speech technology may not be well equipped to extract information from multi-lingual multi-speaker conversations. The DISPLACE challenge entails a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-06 Shikha Baghel , Shreyas Ramoji , Sidharth , Ranjana H , Prachi Singh , Somil Jain , Pratik Roy Chowdhuri , Kaustubh Kulkarni , Swapnil Padhi , Deepu Vijayasenan , Sriram Ganapathy

We present a multilingual, continuous backchannel prediction model for Japanese, English, and Chinese, and use it to investigate cross-linguistic timing behavior. The model is Transformer-based and operates at the frame level, jointly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Koji Inoue , Mikey Elmers , Yahui Fu , Zi Haur Pang , Taiga Mori , Divesh Lala , Keiko Ochi , Tatsuya Kawahara

Code-switching, the alternation of languages within a single discourse, presents a significant challenge for Automatic Speech Recognition. Despite the unique nature of the task, performance is commonly measured with established metrics such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Leonard Bärmann , Alex Waibel

Code-mixing and code-switching (CSW) remain challenging phenomena for large language models (LLMs). Despite recent advances in multilingual modeling, LLMs often struggle in mixed-language settings, exhibiting systematic degradation in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Himanshu Gupta , Pratik Jayarao , Chaitanya Dwivedi , Neeraj Varshney

This paper pursues the insight that language models naturally enable an intelligent variation operator similar in spirit to evolutionary crossover. In particular, language models of sufficient scale demonstrate in-context learning, i.e.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Elliot Meyerson , Mark J. Nelson , Herbie Bradley , Adam Gaier , Arash Moradi , Amy K. Hoover , Joel Lehman

Traditionally, computer programming has been the prerogative of professional developers using textual programming languages such as C, Java, or Python. Low-code programming promises an alternative: letting citizen developers create programs…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Martin Hirzel

Research at the intersection of machine learning, programming languages, and software engineering has recently taken important steps in proposing learnable probabilistic models of source code that exploit code's abundance of patterns. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Miltiadis Allamanis , Earl T. Barr , Premkumar Devanbu , Charles Sutton

For English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, code-switching (CSW), or alternating between their native language and the target language (English), can lower anxiety and ease communication barriers. Large language models (LLMs), with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Junyeong Park , Jieun Han , Yeon Su Park , Youngbin Lee , Suin Kim , Juho Kim , Alice Oh , So-Yeon Ahn

Code-Mixing is a phenomenon of mixing two or more languages in a speech event and is prevalent in multilingual societies. Given the low-resource nature of Code-Mixing, machine generation of code-mixed text is a prevalent approach for data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Prashant Kodali , Tanmay Sachan , Akshay Goindani , Anmol Goel , Naman Ahuja , Manish Shrivastava , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Code-switching is the use of more than one language in the same conversation or utterance. Recently, multilingual contextual embedding models, trained on multiple monolingual corpora, have shown promising results on cross-lingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Simran Khanuja , Sandipan Dandapat , Anirudh Srinivasan , Sunayana Sitaram , Monojit Choudhury

Code-switching (CS) speech translation (ST) aims to translate speech that alternates between multiple languages into a target language text, posing significant challenges due to the complexity of semantic modeling and the scarcity of CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yan Gao , Yazheng Yang , Zhibin Lan , Yidong Chen , Min Zhang , Daimeng Wei , Derek F. Wong , Jinsong Su

As large language models (LLMs) have advanced rapidly, concerns regarding their safety have become prominent. In this paper, we discover that code-switching in red-teaming queries can effectively elicit undesirable behaviors of LLMs, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haneul Yoo , Yongjin Yang , Hwaran Lee

Existing efforts on text synthesis for code-switching mostly require training on code-switched texts in the target language pairs, limiting the deployment of the models to cases lacking code-switched data. In this work, we study the problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 I-Hung Hsu , Avik Ray , Shubham Garg , Nanyun Peng , Jing Huang

One of the things that need to change when it comes to machine translation is the models' ability to translate code-switching content, especially with the rise of social media and user-generated content. In this paper, we are proposing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Mohamed Anwar

Language identification (LID) has relevance in many speech processing applications. For the automatic recognition of code-switching speech, the conventional approaches often employ an LID system for detecting the languages present within an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Sreeram Ganji , Kunal Dhawan , Kumar Priyadarshi , Rohit Sinha

Code-switching describes the practice of using more than one language in the same sentence. In this study, we investigate how to optimize a neural transducer based bilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR) model for code-switching…

The mixing of two or more languages is called Code-Mixing (CM). CM is a social norm in multilingual societies. Neural Language Models (NLMs) like transformers have been effective on many NLP tasks. However, NLM for CM is an under-explored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Mohsin Ali , Kandukuri Sai Teja , Neeharika Gupta , Parth Patwa , Anubhab Chatterjee , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha , Amitava Das

Current end-to-end code-switching Text-to-Speech (TTS) can already generate high quality two languages speech in the same utterance with single speaker bilingual corpora. When the speakers of the bilingual corpora are different, the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Chunyu Qiang , Jianhua Tao , Ruibo Fu , Zhengqi Wen , Jiangyan Yi , Tao Wang , Shiming Wang