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Mixed language data is one of the difficult yet less explored domains of natural language processing. Most research in fields like machine translation or sentiment analysis assume monolingual input. However, people who are capable of using…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-12-23 Joseph Chee Chang , Chu-Cheng Lin

Recently, there is increasing interest in multilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR) where a speech recognition system caters to multiple low resource languages by taking advantage of low amounts of labeled corpora in multiple…

Chinese input recommendation plays an important role in alleviating human cost in typing Chinese words, especially in the scenario of mobile applications. The fundamental problem is to predict the conditional probability of the next word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Hainan Zhang , Yanyan Lan , Jiafeng Guo , Jun Xu , Xueqi Cheng

Code-switching (CS) phenomenon occurs when words or phrases from different languages are alternated in a single sentence. Due to data scarcity, building an effective CS Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system remains challenging. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-23 Yu Xi , Wen Ding , Kai Yu , Junjie Lai

Cross-lingual Natural Language Processing (NLP) has gained significant traction in recent years, offering practical solutions in low-resource settings by transferring linguistic knowledge from resource-rich to low-resource languages. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Rocco Tripodi , Xiaoyu Liu

Distinguishing scripted from spontaneous speech is an essential tool for better understanding how speech styles influence speech processing research. It can also improve recommendation systems and discovery experiences for media users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Shahar Elisha , Andrew McDowell , Mariano Beguerisse-Díaz , Emmanouil Benetos

In this paper, we propose a deep convolutional neural network-based acoustic word embedding system on code-switching query by example spoken term detection. Different from previous configurations, we combine audio data in two languages for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-26 Murong Ma , Haiwei Wu , Xuyang Wang , Lin Yang , Junjie Wang , Ming Li

We make one of the first attempts to build working models for intra-sentential code-switching based on the Equivalence-Constraint (Poplack 1980) and Matrix-Language (Myers-Scotton 1993) theories. We conduct a detailed theoretical analysis,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-12-15 Gayatri Bhat , Monojit Choudhury , Kalika Bali

Brain-to-speech decoding models demonstrate robust performance in vocalized, mimed, and imagined speech; yet, the fundamental mechanisms via which these models capture and transmit information across different speech modalities are less…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Maryam Maghsoudi , Ayushi Mishra

Multilingualism refers to the high degree of proficiency in two or more languages in the written and oral communication modes. It often results in language mixing, a.k.a. code-mixing, when a multilingual speaker switches between multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Vivek Srivastava , Mayank Singh

This paper investigates the relationship between utterance sentiment and language choice in English-Tamil code-switched text, using methods from machine learning and statistical modelling. We apply a fine-tuned XLM-RoBERTa model for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Paul Bontempo

Contextual predictability shapes how we choose and encode words in production. The effects of a word's predictability given preceding or past context are generally well-understood in both production and comprehension, but studies of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Shiva Upadhye , Richard Futrell

Translation of code-mixed texts to formal English allow a wider audience to understand these code-mixed languages, and facilitate downstream analysis applications such as sentiment analysis. In this work, we look at translating Singlish,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Luo Qi Chan

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown great capabilities in a wide range of tasks, exhibiting state-of-the-art performance through zero-shot or few-shot prompting methods. While there have been extensive studies on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Ruochen Zhang , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Jan Christian Blaise Cruz , Genta Indra Winata , Alham Fikri Aji

Code-switching automatic speech recognition (CS-ASR) presents unique challenges due to language confusion introduced by spontaneous intra-sentence switching and accent bias that blurs the phonetic boundaries. Although the constituent…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-18 Hexin Liu , Haoyang Zhang , Qiquan Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang , Dongyuan Shi , Eng Siong Chng , Haizhou Li

Why do some languages like Czech permit free word order, while others like English do not? We address this question by pretraining transformer language models on a spectrum of synthetic word-order variants of natural languages. We observe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Jonas Mayer Martins , Jaap Jumelet , Viola Priesemann , Lisa Beinborn

Large language models (LLMs) have exerted a considerable impact on diverse language-related tasks in recent years. Their demonstrated state-of-the-art performance is achieved through methodologies such as zero-shot or few-shot prompting.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Arshad Kaji , Manan Shah

Does the choice of programming language affect energy consumption? Previous highly visible studies have established associations between certain programming languages and energy consumption. A causal misinterpretation of this work has led…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Nicolas van Kempen , Hyuk-Je Kwon , Dung Tuan Nguyen , Emery D. Berger

When trained on language data, do transformers learn some arbitrary computation that utilizes the full capacity of the architecture or do they learn a simpler, tree-like computation, hypothesized to underlie compositional meaning systems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Shikhar Murty , Pratyusha Sharma , Jacob Andreas , Christopher D. Manning

Code generation aims to synthesize code and fulfill functional requirements based on natural language (NL) specifications, which can greatly improve development efficiency. In the era of large language models (LLMs), large code models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Chaozheng Wang , Zongjie Li , Cuiyun Gao , Wenxuan Wang , Ting Peng , Hailiang Huang , Yuetang Deng , Shuai Wang , Michael R. Lyu