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There are growing promises that Large Language Models (LLMs) can support students' learning by providing explanations, feedback, and guidance. However, despite their rapid adoption and widespread attention, there is still limited empirical…

Static benchmarks capture only part of how large language models behave in practice. Real systems place models inside repeated loops with time limits, formatting constraints, and failure modes. We study this setting in a timed multi-phase…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 H. C. Ekne

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly common in educational applications, there is a growing need for evidence-based methods to design and evaluate LLM prompts that produce personalized and pedagogically aligned out-puts. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Langdon Holmes , Adam Coscia , Scott Crossley , Joon Suh Choi , Wesley Morris

The rapid rise of Language Models (LMs) has expanded their use in several applications. Yet, due to constraints of model size, associated cost, or proprietary restrictions, utilizing state-of-the-art (SOTA) LLMs is not always feasible. With…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Neelabh Sinha , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a major step toward artificial general intelligence, significantly advancing our ability to interact with technology. While LLMs perform well on Natural Language Processing tasks -- such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Brandon Smith , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Tahsin Alamgir Kheya , Phillip Dawson , Sunil Aryal

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that have undergone extensive training using large datasets in order to understand and produce language that closely resembles that of humans. These models have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Alessio Buscemi

Scenario simulation is central to testing autonomous driving systems. Scenic, a domain-specific language (DSL) for CARLA, enables precise and reproducible scenarios, but NL-to-Scenic generation with large language models (LLMs) suffers from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Philipp Bauerfeind , Amir Salarpour , David Fernandez , Pedram MohajerAnsari , Johannes Reschke , Mert D. Pesé

Large language models (LLMs) hold interesting potential for the design, development, and research of video games. Building on the decades of prior research on generative AI in games, many researchers have sped to investigate the power and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Penny Sweetser

This study utilizes the game Codenames as a benchmarking tool to evaluate large language models (LLMs) with respect to specific linguistic and cognitive skills. LLMs play each side of the game, where one side generates a clue word covering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Sherzod Hakimov , Lara Pfennigschmidt , David Schlangen

There are currently two main paradigms for evaluating large language models (LLMs), reference-based evaluation and preference-based evaluation. The first, carried over from the evaluation of machine learning models in general, relies on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 David Schlangen , Sherzod Hakimov , Chalamalasetti Kranti , Jonathan Jordan , Philipp Sadler

The advent of Large Language Models (LLM) has revolutionized the efficiency and speed with which tasks are completed, marking a significant leap in productivity through technological innovation. As these chatbots tackle increasingly complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Luc Bryan Heitz , Joun Chamas , Christopher Scherb

Languages change over time. Computational models can be trained to recognize such changes enabling them to estimate the publication date of texts. Despite recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), their performance on automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Nishat Raihan , Marcos Zampieri

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

This study evaluates the capacity of large language models (LLMs) to generate structured clinical consultation templates for electronic consultation. Using 145 expert-crafted templates developed and routinely used by Stanford's eConsult…

This study investigates the performance of eight large multimodal model (LMM)-based chatbots on the Test of Understanding Graphs in Kinematics (TUG-K), a research-based concept inventory. Graphs are a widely used representation in STEM and…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-10-25 Giulia Polverini , Bor Gregorcic

Large language models (LLMs) have taken the scientific world by storm, changing the landscape of natural language processing and human-computer interaction. These powerful tools can answer complex questions and, surprisingly, perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Pier Luca Lanzi , Daniele Loiacono

This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in solving programming challenges from Leetcode, a widely used platform for algorithm practice and technical interviews. We began by crawling the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lun Wang , Chuanqi Shi , Shaoshui Du , Yiyi Tao , Yixian Shen , Hang Zheng , Yanxin Shen , Xinyu Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in interactive environments requiring strategic decision-making, yet systematic evaluation of these capabilities remains challenging. Existing benchmarks for LLMs primarily assess…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Lingfeng Li , Yunlong Lu , Yuefei Zhang , Jingyu Yao , Yixin Zhu , KeYuan Cheng , Yongyi Wang , Qirui Zheng , Xionghui Yang , Wenxin Li

Open-ended tasks are particularly challenging for LLMs due to the vast solution space, demanding both expansive exploration and adaptable strategies, especially when success lacks a clear, objective definition. Writing, with its vast…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Sian Gooding , Lucia Lopez-Rivilla , Edward Grefenstette

As evaluation designs of large language models may shape our trajectory toward artificial general intelligence, comprehensive and forward-looking assessment is essential. Existing benchmarks primarily assess static knowledge, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiayin Wang , Zhiquang Guo , Weizhi Ma , Min Zhang