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Large language models, e.g. ChatGPT are currently contributing enormously to make artificial intelligence even more popular, especially among the general population. However, such chatbot models were developed as tools to support natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Jianlong Zhou , Heimo Müller , Andreas Holzinger , Fang Chen

AI companion chatbots, such as those offered by Replika and CharacterAI, increasingly function as always-available companions that provide empathy, validation, and support. While these systems appear to meet basic needs for connection,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Minh Duc Chu , Patrick Gerard , Kshitij Pawar , Charles Bickham , Kristina Lerman

While diversity has become a debated issue in design, very little research exists on positive use-cases for diversity beyond scholarly criticism. The current work addresses this gap through the case of a diversity-aware chatbot, exploring…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Peter Kun , Amalia De Götzen , Miriam Bidoglia , Niels Jørgen Gommesen , George Gaskell

This study examines the rhetorical and linguistic features of argumentative texts generated by ChatGPT on ethically nuanced topics and investigates their persuasive impact on human readers.Through a user study involving 62 participants and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Daniel Raffini , Agnese Macori , Lorenzo Porcaro , Tiziana Catarci , Marco Angelini

The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) generative language models such as GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) and tools such as ChatGPT has triggered a revolution that can transform how text is generated. This has many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Pedro Reviriego , Javier Conde , Elena Merino-Gómez , Gonzalo Martínez , José Alberto Hernández

Chatbots are increasingly integrated into people's lives and are widely used to help people. Recently, there has also been growing interest in the reverse direction-humans help chatbots-due to a wide range of benefits including better…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jingshu Li , Zicheng Zhu , Renwen Zhang , Yi-Chieh Lee

People increasingly turn to conversational agents such as ChatGPT to seek guidance for their personal problems. As these systems grow in capability, many now display elements of "thinking": short reflective statements that reveal a model's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Samuel Rhys Cox , Jade Martin-Lise , Simo Hosio , Niels van Berkel

Given the rapid advancement of large-scale language models, artificial intelligence (AI) models, like ChatGPT, are playing an increasingly prominent role in human society. However, to ensure that artificial intelligence models benefit human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Hang Yuan , Zhongyue Che , Shao Li , Yue Zhang , Xiaomeng Hu , Siyang Luo

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various fields, including medicine and mental health support. One promising application is ChatGPT, an advanced conversational AI model that uses deep learning techniques to provide human-like…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-16 Farzan Vahedifard , Atieh Sadeghniiat Haghighi , Tirth Dave , Mohammad Tolouei , Fateme Hoshyar Zare

Background: Empathy is widely recognized for improving patient outcomes, including reduced pain and anxiety and improved satisfaction, and its absence can cause harm. Meanwhile, use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alastair Howcroft , Amber Bennett-Weston , Ahmad Khan , Joseff Griffiths , Simon Gay , Jeremy Howick

Conversational AI, such as ChatGPT, is increasingly used for information seeking. However, little is known about how ordinary users actually prompt and how ChatGPT adapts its responses in real-world conversational information seeking (CIS).…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Haoning Xue , Yoo Jung Oh , Xinyi Zhou , Xinyu Zhang , Berit Oxley

As AI chatbots see increased adoption and integration into everyday life, questions have been raised about the potential impact of human-like or anthropomorphic AI on users. In this work, we investigate the extent to which interactions with…

Large pre-trained language models have exhibited unprecedented capabilities in producing high-quality text via prompting techniques. This fact introduces new possibilities for data collection and annotation, particularly in situations where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Tiziano Labruna , Sofia Brenna , Andrea Zaninello , Bernardo Magnini

Large language models are increasingly used for both task-based assistance and social companionship, yet research has typically focused on one or the other. Drawing on a survey (N = 202) and 30 interviews with high-engagement ChatGPT and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Aikaterina Manoli , Janet V. T. Pauketat , Ali Ladak , Hayoun Noh , Angel Hsing-Chi Hwang , Jacy Reese Anthis

To foster the development of pedagogically potent and ethically sound AI-integrated learning landscapes, it is pivotal to critically explore the perceptions and experiences of the users immersed in these contexts. In this study, we perform…

The development and deployment of chatbot technology, while spanning decades and employing different techniques, require innovative frameworks to understand and interrogate their functionality and implications. A mere technocentric account…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Mauricio Figueroa-Torres

The proliferation of assistive chatbots offering efficient, personalized communication has driven widespread over-reliance on them for decision-making, information-seeking and everyday tasks. This dependence was found to have adverse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Hala Sheta

The growing popularity of generative AI, particularly ChatGPT, has sparked both enthusiasm and caution among practitioners and researchers in education. To effectively harness the full potential of ChatGPT in educational contexts, it is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Han Kyul Kim , Shriniwas Nayak , Aleyeh Roknaldin , Xiaoci Zhang , Marlon Twyman , Stephen Lu

Chat GPT belongs to the category of Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) language models, which have received specialized training to produce text based on natural language inputs. Its purpose is to imitate human-like conversation and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Wei Zhou

AI companion chatbots are increasingly used for emotional support, with prior work in the domain predominantly documenting their mixed psychosocial impacts, including both increased emotional expression and heightened loneliness. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Olivia Yan Huang , Monika Stodolska , Sharifa Sultana