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This paper proposes a novel control for Inverter-based Resources (IBRs) based on the Complex Frequency (CF) concept. The controller's objective is to maintain a constant CF of the voltage at the terminals of the IBR by adjusting its current…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-06 R. Bernal , F. Milano

This paper deals with the design of controllers for variable speed hydropower (VSHP) plants with the objective of optimize the plants' performance. The control objectives imply enabling fast responses to frequency deviations while keeping…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-16 Tor Inge Reigstad , Kjetil Uhlen

The growing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the complexity of the power system due to their intermittent characteristics and lower inertial response, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-25 Mohammad Khatibi , Sara Ahmed

We present hardware/software techniques to intelligently regulate supply voltage and clock frequency of intermittently-computing devices. These devices rely on ambient energy harvesting to power their operation and small capacitors as…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Andrea Maioli , Kevin A. Quinones , Saad Ahmed , Muhammad H. Alizai , Luca Mottola

One of the fundamental concerns in the operation of modern power systems is the assessment of their frequency stability in case of inertia-reduction induced by the large share of power electronic interfaced resources. Within this context,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Francesco Conte , Stefano Massucco , Mario Paolone , Giacomo-Piero Schiapparelli , Federico Silvestro , Yihui Zuo

Complex droop control, alternatively known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), stands out for its unique capabilities in synchronization and voltage stabilization among existing control strategies for grid-forming converters.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-23 Roger Domingo-Enrich , Xiuqiang He , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

The reduced inertia in power system introduces more operation risks and challenges to frequency regulation. The existing virtual inertia and frequency support control are restricted by the normally non-dispatchable energy resources behind…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-30 Chu Sun , Syed Qaseem Ali , Geza Joos

Modern power systems present low levels of inertia due to the growing shares of converter-interfaced generation. Consequently, renewable energy sources are increasingly requested to provide frequency support. In addition, due to the inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-23 Joakim Björk , Daniel Vázquez Pombo , Karl Henrik Johansson

Advanced microgrids consisting of distributed energy resources interfaced with multi-inverter systems are becoming more common. Consequently, the effectiveness of voltage and frequency regulation in microgrids using conventional droop-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-16 Sourav Patel , Soham Chakraborty , Blake Lundstrom , Srinivasa Salapaka , Murti V. Salapaka

The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) is fundamentally reshaping power system dynamics and creating new challenges for stability assessment. Data-driven approaches, and in particular machine learning models, require…

Power systems are shifted from conventional bulk generation toward renewable generation. This trend leads to the frequency security problem due to the decline of system inertia. On the other hand, natural gas-fired units are frequently…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-30 Lun Yang , Yinliang Xu , Jianguo Zhou , Hongbin Sun

A major transition in modern power systems is the replacement of conventional generation units with renewable sources of energy. The latter results in lower rotational inertia which compromises the stability of the power system, as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-15 Andreas Kasis , Stelios Timotheou , Marios Polycarpou

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission applications and the growth of the dynamic load in large-scale receiving-end grids lead to a higher risk of short-term voltage instability. An effective way to address this problem is to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-07 Yinhong Lin , Huaichang Ge , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Hongbin Sun

Integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) which lack the intrinsic characteristics such as the inertial response of the traditional synchronous-generator (SG) based sources presents a new challenge in the form of analyzing the grid…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Satish Vedula , Ayobami Olajube , Olugbenga Anubi

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

The growing penetration of renewable energy sources is expected to drive higher demand for power reserve ancillary services (AS). One solution is to increase the supply by integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) into the AS market…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

The infusion of renewable energy sources into the conventional synchronous generation system decreases the overall system inertia and negatively impacts the stability of its primary frequency response. The lowered inertia is due to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-11 Mohamed Abuagreb , Ahmed Abuhussein , Saif alZahir

This work provides a design method for achieving a specified level of stability for inverter-based interconnected distributed generation. The stability of parallel connected distributed energy resources determined from a linearized…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Mahmood Saadeh , Roy McCann

Traditionally, inertia in power systems has been determined by considering all the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. During the last decade, the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic installations and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 Ana Fernández-Guillamón , Emilio Gómez-Lázaro , Eduard Muljadi , Angel Molina-García