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The explosive growth of artificial intelligence has created gigawatt-scale data centers that fundamentally challenge power system operation, exhibiting power fluctuations exceeding 500 MW within seconds and millisecond-scale variations of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-24 Ali Peivandizadeh

Nowadays, power system inertia is changing as a consequence of replacing conventional units by renewable energy sources, mainly wind and PV power plants. This fact affects significantly the grid frequency response under power imbalances. As…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 A. Fernández-Guillamón , A. Vigueras-Rodríguez , A. Molina-García

This paper investigates the frequency control of multi-machine power systems subject to uncertain and dynamic net loads. We propose distributed internal model controllers that coordinate synchronous generators and demand response to tackle…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hunmin Kim , Minghui Zhu , Jianming Lian

The electrical grid is evolving from a network consisting of mostly synchronous machines to a mixture of synchronous machines and inverter-based resources such as wind, solar, and energy storage. This transformation has led to a decrease in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-29 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

The declining provision of inertia by synchronous generators in modern power systems necessitates aggregating distributed energy resources (DERs) into virtual power plants (VPPs) to unlock their potential in delivering inertia and primary…

General Economics · Economics 2026-01-27 Changsen Feng , Zhongliang Huang , Jun Lin , Licheng Wang , Youbing Zhang , Fushuan Wen

A widely embraced approach to mitigate the dynamic degradation in low-inertia power systems is to mimic generation response using grid-connected inverters to restore the grid's stiffness. In this paper, we seek to challenge this approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-30 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

This paper proposes a novel control strategy in which Renewable Energy Sources (RES) considered in a new Dynamic Virtual Power Plant (DVPP) concept directly participate to Secondary Frequency Control (SFC). This allows full participation of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-22 M. Ebrahim Adabi , Bogdan Marinescu

Increased penetration of inverter-connected renewable energy sources (RES) in the power system has resulted in a decrease in available rotational inertia which serves as an immediate response to frequency deviation due to disturbances. The…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-06-25 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

Recent boom in foundation models and AI computing have raised growing concerns on the power and energy trajectories of large-scale data centers. This paper focuses on the voltage issues caused by volatile and intensity of data center power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-10 Yize Chen , Baosen Zhang

This paper presents a distributionally robust model predictive control (DRMPC) framework for the optimal Virtual Power Plant (VPP) operation under electricity price uncertainty. A unified VPP model is formulated that captures the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-15 Nikolas Recke , Mathias Hudoba de Badyn

In this paper virtual synchronous generation (VSG) approach is investigated in application to low- and zero-inertia grids operated by grid-forming (GFM) inverters. The key idea here is to introduce dynamic inertia and damping constants in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-07 Oleg O. Khamisov , Stepan P. Vasilev

Distributed vertical power delivery (DVPD) architectures employ multiple parallel voltage regulators (VRs) to meet the high-power and high current density demands of modern high performance computing (HPC) systems. While full parallel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Sriharini Krishnakumar , Inna Partin-Vaisband

As renewable resources gradually replace conventional generation based synchronous machines, the dynamics of the modern grid changes significantly and the system synchronous inertia decreases substantially. This transformation poses severe…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li

The growing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power grid necessitates an effective coordination strategy to maximize their benefits. Acting as an aggregator of DERs, a virtual power plant (VPP) facilitates this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Pratik Harsh , Hongjian Sun , Debapriya Das , Goyal Awagan , Jing Jiang

Transient frequency dips that follow sudden power imbalances --frequency Nadir-- represent a big challenge for frequency stability of low-inertia power systems. Since low inertia is identified as one of the causes for deep frequency Nadir,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-15 Yan Jiang , Eliza Cohn , Petr Vorobev , Enrique Mallada

Nowadays, power imbalance happens more frequently due to the more integration of renewable energy sources. Energy storage is a kind of devices that can charge energy at one time and discharge energy at another time. This function makes that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-11 Shuchang Yan

In power networks based on Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), fast controllers cause frequency and voltage dynamics to overlap. Thus, it becomes critical to assess the overall dynamic performance of such networks through a combined…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Rodrigo Bernal , Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

Conventional inertia control strategies (i.e., the VSG-based and PD-based strategies) for the fast frequency regulation resources (FFRs) might lead to system oscillations due to their emulations of generator dynamics. The only-droop-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-02 Ye Liu , Chen Shen

This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach for grid-level frequency regulation by aggregating inverter-based resources (IBRs). Virtual power plants (VPPs), acting as aggregators, can efficiently respond to dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Xin Zou

This article explores a flexible and coordinated control design for an aggregation of heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DERs) in a dynamic virtual power plant (DVPP). The control design aims to provide a desired aggregate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Xiuqiang He , Josué Duarte , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler