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Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) optimizes strategic interactions in non-cooperative dynamic games, where agents have misaligned objectives. However, data-driven methods such as multi-agent policy gradients (MA-PG) often suffer…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Jingqi Li , Gechen Qu , Jason J. Choi , Somayeh Sojoudi , Claire Tomlin

The significance of network structures in promoting group cooperation within social dilemmas has been widely recognized. Prior studies attribute this facilitation to the assortment of strategies driven by spatial interactions. Although…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Tianyu Ren , Xiao-Jun Zeng

Interacting with human agents in complex scenarios presents a significant challenge for robotic navigation, particularly in environments that necessitate both collision avoidance and collaborative interaction, such as indoor spaces. Unlike…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Lingfeng Sun , Yixiao Wang , Pin-Yun Hung , Changhao Wang , Xiang Zhang , Zhuo Xu , Masayoshi Tomizuka

This paper introduces a reinforcement learning framework that enables controllable and diverse player behaviors without relying on human gameplay data. Existing approaches often require large-scale player trajectories, train separate models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Atahan Cilan , Atay Özgövde

We study how to synthesize a robust and safe policy for autonomous systems under signal temporal logic (STL) tasks in adversarial settings against unknown dynamic agents. To ensure the worst-case STL satisfaction, we propose STLGame, a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Shuo Yang , Hongrui Zheng , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , George Pappas , Rahul Mangharam

Multi agent strategies in mixed cooperative-competitive environments can be hard to craft by hand because each agent needs to coordinate with its teammates while competing with its opponents. Learning based algorithms are appealing but many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Ankur Deka , Katia Sycara

Learning to adapt and make real-time informed decisions in a dynamic and complex environment is a challenging problem. Monopoly is a popular strategic board game that requires players to make multiple decisions during the game.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Trevor Bonjour , Marina Haliem , Aala Alsalem , Shilpa Thomas , Hongyu Li , Vaneet Aggarwal , Mayank Kejriwal , Bharat Bhargava

In the empirical approach to game-theoretic analysis (EGTA), the model of the game comes not from declarative representation, but is derived by interrogation of a procedural description of the game environment. The motivation for developing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Michael P. Wellman , Karl Tuyls , Amy Greenwald

This paper investigates the dynamics of competition among organizations with unequal expertise. Multi-agent reinforcement learning has been used to simulate and understand the impact of various incentive schemes designed to offset such…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Paramita Koley , Aurghya Maiti , Sourangshu Bhattacharya , Niloy Ganguly

Traditional reinforcement learning and planning typically requires vast amounts of data and training to develop effective policies. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong generalization and zero-shot capabilities, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jonathan Light , Min Cai , Weiqin Chen , Guanzhi Wang , Xiusi Chen , Wei Cheng , Yisong Yue , Ziniu Hu

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) often struggles to ensure the safe behaviours of the learning agents, and therefore it is generally not adapted to safety-critical applications. To address this issue, we present a methodology that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Pierre El Mqirmi , Francesco Belardinelli , Borja G. León

Markov games (MGs) provide a mathematical foundation for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), enabling self-interested agents to learn their optimal policies while interacting with others in a shared environment. However, due to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Huiwen Yan , Mushuang Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms update an agent's parameters according to one of several possible rules, discovered manually through years of research. Automating the discovery of update rules from data could lead to more efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Junhyuk Oh , Matteo Hessel , Wojciech M. Czarnecki , Zhongwen Xu , Hado van Hasselt , Satinder Singh , David Silver

Assisted by neural networks, reinforcement learning agents have been able to solve increasingly complex tasks over the last years. The simulation environment in which the agents interact is an essential component in any reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Aqeel Labash , Ardi Tampuu , Tambet Matiisen , Jaan Aru , Raul Vicente

Existing evaluation suites for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) do not assess generalization to novel situations as their primary objective (unlike supervised-learning benchmarks). Our contribution, Melting Pot, is a MARL…

The development of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has benefited from the emergency of a variety type of game environments where new challenging problems are proposed and new algorithms can be tested safely and quickly, such as Board…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Hangtian Jia , Yujing Hu , Yingfeng Chen , Chunxu Ren , Tangjie Lv , Changjie Fan , Chongjie Zhang

Text-based games are suitable test-beds for designing agents that can learn by interaction with the environment in the form of natural language text. Very recently, deep reinforcement learning based agents have been successfully applied for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Ghulam Ahmed Ansari , Sagar J P , Sarath Chandar , Balaraman Ravindran

This paper presents a novel approach to automated playtesting for the prediction of human player behavior and experience. It has previously been demonstrated that Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) game-playing agents can predict both game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Shaghayegh Roohi , Christian Guckelsberger , Asko Relas , Henri Heiskanen , Jari Takatalo , Perttu Hämäläinen

This work presents a Hierarchical Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning framework for analyzing simulated air combat scenarios involving heterogeneous agents. The objective is to identify effective Courses of Action that lead to mission…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Ardian Selmonaj , Oleg Szehr , Giacomo Del Rio , Alessandro Antonucci , Adrian Schneider , Michael Rüegsegger

Text-based games are a natural challenge domain for deep reinforcement learning algorithms. Their state and action spaces are combinatorially large, their reward function is sparse, and they are partially observable: the agent is informed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Vishal Jain , William Fedus , Hugo Larochelle , Doina Precup , Marc G. Bellemare