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In this paper, we propose Belief Behavior Trees (BBTs), an extension to Behavior Trees (BTs) that allows to automatically create a policy that controls a robot in partially observable environments. We extend the semantic of BTs to account…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Evgenii Safronov , Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale

This paper compares two distinct approaches to modeling robotic behavior: imperative Behavior Trees (BTs) and declarative Executable Ontologies (EO), implemented through the boldsea framework. BTs structure behavior hierarchically using…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Alexander Boldachev

Behavior Trees (BTs) offer a powerful paradigm for designing modular and reactive robot controllers. BT planning, an emerging field, provides theoretical guarantees for the automated generation of reliable BTs. However, BT planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Yunxin Mao , Kun Hu , Minglong Li , Yaodong Yang , Yuanpei Chen

Behavior trees represent a hierarchical and modular way of combining several low-level control policies into a high-level task-switching policy. Hybrid dynamical systems can also be seen in terms of task switching between different…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-11 Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Petter Ögren

Behavior Trees (BTs) are becoming a popular tool to model the behaviors of autonomous agents in the computer game and the robotics industry. One of the key advantages of BTs lies in their composability, where complex behaviors can be built…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale

We propose a design for a functional programming language for autonomous agents, built off the ideas and motivations of Behavior Trees (BTs). BTs are a popular model for designing agents behavior in robotics and AI. However, as their growth…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Oliver Biggar , Iman Shames

In modern industrial collaborative robotic applications, it is desirable to create robot programs automatically, intuitively, and time-efficiently. Moreover, robots need to be controlled by reactive policies to face the unpredictability of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Matteo Iovino , Jonathan Styrud , Pietro Falco , Christian Smith

We propose a hybrid combination of active inference and behavior trees (BTs) for reactive action planning and execution in dynamic environments, showing how robotic tasks can be formulated as a free-energy minimization problem. The proposed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Corrado Pezzato , Carlos Hernandez Corbato , Stefan Bonhof , Martijn Wisse

Definition of an accurate system model for Automated Planner (AP) is often impractical, especially for real-world problems. Conversely, off-the-shelf planners fail to scale up and are domain dependent. These drawbacks are inherited from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Michele Colledanchise , Ramviyas Parasuraman , Petter Ögren

This paper addresses the concurrency issues affecting Behavior Trees (BTs), a popular tool to model the behaviors of autonomous agents in the video game and the robotics industry. BT designers can easily build complex behaviors composing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale

Behavior Trees (BTs) are high level controllers that have found use in a wide range of robotics tasks. As they grow in popularity and usage, it is crucial to ensure that the appropriate tools and methods are available for ensuring they work…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Serena S. Serbinowska , Nicholas Potteiger , Anne M. Tumlin , Taylor T. Johnson

The Industry 4.0 paradigm manifests the shift towards mass customization and cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) and sets new requirements for industrial automation software in terms of modularity, flexibility, and short development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Aleksandr Sidorenko , Mahdi Rezapour , Achim Wagner , Martin Ruskowski

Behavior Trees (BTs) got the robotics society attention not least thanks to their modularity and reusability. The subtrees of BTs could be treated as separate behaviors and therefore reused. We address the following research question: do we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Evgenii Safronov

Behavior trees (BTs) emerged from video game development as a graphical language for modeling intelligent agent behavior. However as initially implemented, behavior trees are static plans. This paper adds to recent literature exploring the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Blake Hannaford , Danying Hu , Dianmu Zhang , Yangming Li

In recent years, robots are used in an increasing variety of tasks, especially by small- and medium- sized enterprises. These tasks are usually fast-changing, they have a collaborative scenario and happen in unpredictable environments with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Matteo Iovino , Fethiye Irmak Doğan , Iolanda Leite , Christian Smith

In this paper we will give a control theoretic perspective on the research area of behavior trees in robotics. The key idea underlying behavior trees is to make use of modularity, hierarchies and feedback, in order to handle the complexity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Petter Ögren , Christopher I. Sprague

Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) has emerged as an effective tool for developing controllers for legged robots. However, vanilla deep RL often requires a tremendous amount of training samples and is not feasible for achieving robust…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Ren Liu , Nitish Sontakke , Sehoon Ha

Robotic assembly tasks remain an open challenge due to their long horizon nature and complex part relations. Behavior trees (BTs) are increasingly used in robot task planning for their modularity and flexibility, but creating them manually…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Jicong Ao , Fan Wu , Yansong Wu , Abdalla Swikir , Sami Haddadin

Designers of autonomous agents, whether in physical or virtual environments, need to express nondeterminisim, failure, and parallelism in behaviors, as well as accounting for synchronous coordination between agents. Behavior Trees are a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Chris Martens , Eric Butler , Joseph C. Osborn

Domestic and service robots have the potential to transform industries such as health care and small-scale manufacturing, as well as the homes in which we live. However, due to the overwhelming variety of tasks these robots will be expected…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Gavin Suddrey , Ben Talbot , Frederic Maire