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In this paper, we show how a planning algorithm can be used to automatically create and update a Behavior Tree (BT), controlling a robot in a dynamic environment. The planning part of the algorithm is based on the idea of back chaining.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Michele Colledanchise , Diogo Almeida , Petter Ögren

In this paper, we propose Belief Behavior Trees (BBTs), an extension to Behavior Trees (BTs) that allows to automatically create a policy that controls a robot in partially observable environments. We extend the semantic of BTs to account…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Evgenii Safronov , Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale

Modern manufacturing demands robotic assembly systems with enhanced flexibility and reliability. However, traditional approaches often rely on programming tailored to each product by experts for fixed settings, which are inherently…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xiwei Zhao , Yiwei Wang , Yansong Wu , Fan Wu , Teng Sun , Zhonghua Miao , Sami Haddadin , Alois Knoll

Behavior Trees (BTs) offer a powerful paradigm for designing modular and reactive robot controllers. BT planning, an emerging field, provides theoretical guarantees for the automated generation of reliable BTs. However, BT planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Yunxin Mao , Kun Hu , Minglong Li , Yaodong Yang , Yuanpei Chen

Temporal logic can be used to formally specify autonomous agent goals, but synthesizing planners that guarantee goal satisfaction can be computationally prohibitive. This paper shows how to turn goals specified using a subset of finite…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Aadesh Neupane , Eric G Mercer , Michael A. Goodrich

Interpretable policy representations like Behavior Trees (BTs) and Dynamic Motion Primitives (DMPs) enable robot skill transfer from human demonstrations, but each faces limitations: BTs require expert-crafted low-level actions, while DMPs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-14 David Cáceres Domínguez , Erik Schaffernicht , Todor Stoyanov

Multi-robot task planning and collaboration are critical challenges in robotics. While Behavior Trees (BTs) have been established as a popular control architecture and are plannable for a single robot, the development of effective…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Zhongxuan Cai , Yunxin Mao , Minglong Li , Wenjing Yang , Ji Wang

In recent years, robots are used in an increasing variety of tasks, especially by small- and medium- sized enterprises. These tasks are usually fast-changing, they have a collaborative scenario and happen in unpredictable environments with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Matteo Iovino , Fethiye Irmak Doğan , Iolanda Leite , Christian Smith

Nowadays, the behavior tree is gaining popularity as a representation for robot tasks due to its modularity and reusability. Designing behavior-tree tasks manually is time-consuming for robot end-users, thus there is a need for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Yue Cao , C. S. George Lee

Behavior Trees constitute a widespread AI tool which has been successfully spun out in robotics. Their advantages include simplicity, modularity, and reusability of code. However, Behavior Trees remain a high-level decision making engine;…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Pilar de la Cruz , Justus Piater , Matteo Saveriano

Behavior trees (BTs) emerged from video game development as a graphical language for modeling intelligent agent behavior. BTs have several properties which are attractive for modeling medical procedures including human-readability,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-01-25 Blake Hannaford

As intelligent robots become more integrated into human environments, there is a growing need for intuitive and reliable Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) interfaces that are adaptable and more natural to interact with. Traditional robot…

Executing temporal plans in the real and open world requires adapting to uncertainty both in the environment and in the plan actions. A plan executor must therefore be flexible to dispatch actions based on the actual execution conditions.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Josh Zapf , Marco Roveri , Francisco Martin , Juan Carlos Manzanares

Behavior Trees (BTs) were invented as a tool to enable modular AI in computer games, but have received an increasing amount of attention in the robotics community in the last decade. With rising demands on agent AI complexity, game…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Matteo Iovino , Edvards Scukins , Jonathan Styrud , Petter Ögren , Christian Smith

This paper proposes an Interactive Inference Behavior Tree (IIBT) framework that integrates behavior trees (BTs) with active inference under the free energy principle for distributed multi-robot decision-making. The proposed IIBT node…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Chaoran Wang , Jingyuan Sun , Yanhui Zhang , Changju Wu

Industrial robots can solve very complex tasks in controlled environments, but modern applications require robots able to operate in unpredictable surroundings as well. An increasingly popular reactive policy architecture in robotics is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Jonathan Styrud , Matteo Iovino , Mikael Norrlöf , Mårten Björkman , Christian Smith

Robots need task planning to sequence and execute actions toward achieving their goals. On the other hand, Behavior Trees provide a mathematical model for specifying plan execution in an intrinsically composable, reactive, and robust way.…

Behavior trees (BTs) are an optimally modular framework to assemble hierarchical hybrid control policies from a set of low-level control policies using a tree structure. Many robotic tasks are naturally decomposed into a hierarchy of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-21 Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Petter Ögren

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) require adaptive behavior planners to navigate unpredictable, real-world environments safely. Traditional behavior trees (BTs) offer structured decision logic but are inherently static and demand labor-intensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Omar Y. Goba , Ahmed Y. Gado , Catherine M. Elias , Ahmed Hussein

Domestic and service robots have the potential to transform industries such as health care and small-scale manufacturing, as well as the homes in which we live. However, due to the overwhelming variety of tasks these robots will be expected…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Gavin Suddrey , Ben Talbot , Frederic Maire