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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is applied in safety-critical domains such as robotics and autonomous driving. It achieves superhuman abilities in many tasks, however whether DRL agents can be shown to act safely is an open problem. Atari…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Mirco Giacobbe , Mohammadhosein Hasanbeig , Daniel Kroening , Hjalmar Wijk

Catan is a strategic board game having interesting properties, including multi-player, imperfect information, stochastic, complex state space structure (hexagonal board where each vertex, edge and face has its own features, cards for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Quentin Gendre , Tomoyuki Kaneko

In today's rapidly evolving military landscape, advancing artificial intelligence (AI) in support of wargaming becomes essential. Despite reinforcement learning (RL) showing promise for developing intelligent agents, conventional RL faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Scotty Black

We present PORTAL, a novel framework for developing artificial intelligence agents capable of playing thousands of 3D video games through language-guided policy generation. By transforming decision-making problems into language modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhongwen Xu , Xianliang Wang , Siyi Li , Tao Yu , Liang Wang , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang

In 2015, Google's DeepMind announced an advancement in creating an autonomous agent based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) that could beat a professional player in a series of 49 Atari games. However, the current manifestation of DRL is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Saeid Nahavandi , Thanh Nguyen

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) bring human-AI interaction to the forefront of HCI research. This paper argues that games are an ideal domain for studying and experimenting with how humans interact with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Jichen Zhu , Jennifer Villareale , Nithesh Javvaji , Sebastian Risi , Mathias Löwe , Rush Weigelt , Casper Harteveld

Reinforcement learning (RL) has seen great advancements in the past few years. Nevertheless, the consensus among the RL community is that currently used methods, despite all their benefits, suffer from extreme data inefficiency, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Kacper Kielak

Recently, reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have demonstrated remarkable success in learning complicated behaviors from minimally processed input. However, most of this success is limited to simulation. While there are promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-29 Quan Vuong , Sharad Vikram , Hao Su , Sicun Gao , Henrik I. Christensen

Evolution Strategies (ES) have recently been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms on a set of challenging deep RL problems, including Atari games and MuJoCo humanoid locomotion benchmarks. While…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Patryk Chrabaszcz , Ilya Loshchilov , Frank Hutter

Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup is a popular, single-player, free and open-source rogue-like video game with a sufficiently complex decision space that makes it an ideal testbed for research in cognitive systems and, more generally, artificial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-06 Dustin Dannenhauer , Michael W. Floyd , Jonathan Decker , David W. Aha

Prior AI breakthroughs in complex games have focused on either the purely adversarial or purely cooperative settings. In contrast, Diplomacy is a game of shifting alliances that involves both cooperation and competition. For this reason,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Jonathan Gray , Adam Lerer , Anton Bakhtin , Noam Brown

The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in card games has been a well-explored subject within AI research for an extensive period. Recent advancements have propelled AI programs to showcase expertise in intricate card games such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Youpeng Zhao , Yudong Lu , Jian Zhao , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a paradigm of artificial intelligence where an agent uses a neural network to learn which actions to take in a given environment. DRL has recently gained traction from being able to solve complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rajdeep Singh Hundal , Yan Xiao , Xiaochun Cao , Jin Song Dong , Manuel Rigger

This paper introduces ZeusAI, an artificial intelligence system developed to play the board game 7 Wonders Duel. Inspired by the AlphaZero reinforcement learning algorithm, ZeusAI relies on a combination of Monte Carlo Tree Search and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Giovanni Paolini , Lorenzo Moreschini , Francesco Veneziano , Alessandro Iraci

The recently introduced Deep Q-Networks (DQN) algorithm has gained attention as one of the first successful combinations of deep neural networks and reinforcement learning. Its promise was demonstrated in the Arcade Learning Environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-25 Yitao Liang , Marlos C. Machado , Erik Talvitie , Michael Bowling

This paper presents a novel approach to automated playtesting for the prediction of human player behavior and experience. It has previously been demonstrated that Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) game-playing agents can predict both game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Shaghayegh Roohi , Christian Guckelsberger , Asko Relas , Henri Heiskanen , Jari Takatalo , Perttu Hämäläinen

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently achieved tremendous successes in many artificial intelligence applications. Many of the forefront applications of RL involve multiple agents, e.g., playing chess and Go games, autonomous driving, and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Asuman Ozdaglar , Muhammed O. Sayin , Kaiqing Zhang

Deep reinforcement learning has made significant progress in games with imperfect information, but its performance in the card game Doudizhu (Chinese Poker/Fight the Landlord) remains unsatisfactory. Doudizhu is different from conventional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Yiquan Chen , Yingchao Lyu , Di Zhang

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved super-human performance on complex video games (e.g., StarCraft II and Dota II). However, current DRL systems still suffer from challenges of multi-agent coordination, sparse rewards,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Shiyu Huang , Wenze Chen , Longfei Zhang , Shizhen Xu , Ziyang Li , Fengming Zhu , Deheng Ye , Ting Chen , Jun Zhu

Games have been the perfect test-beds for artificial intelligence research for the characteristics that widely exist in real-world scenarios. Learning and optimisation, decision making in dynamic and uncertain environments, game theory,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Chengpeng Hu , Yunlong Zhao , Ziqi Wang , Haocheng Du , Jialin Liu
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