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Language models have emerged as a central component across NLP, and a great deal of progress depends on the ability to cheaply adapt them (e.g., through finetuning) to new domains and tasks. A language model's vocabulary$-$typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Nikolaos Pappas , Phoebe Mulcaire , Noah A. Smith

Although neural models have achieved impressive results on several NLP benchmarks, little is understood about the mechanisms they use to perform language tasks. Thus, much recent attention has been devoted to analyzing the sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Abhilasha Ravichander , Yonatan Belinkov , Eduard Hovy

Pre-trained contextualized embedding models such as BERT are a standard building block in many natural language processing systems. We demonstrate that the sentence-level representations produced by some off-the-shelf contextualized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Xiliang Zhu , David Rossouw , Shayna Gardiner , Simon Corston-Oliver

Most of the recent works on probing representations have focused on BERT, with the presumption that the findings might be similar to the other models. In this work, we extend the probing studies to two other models in the family, namely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Mohsen Fayyaz , Ehsan Aghazadeh , Ali Modarressi , Hosein Mohebbi , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar

Word Representations form the core component for almost all advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications such as text mining, question-answering, and text summarization, etc. Over the last two decades, immense research is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Shree Charran R , Rahul Kumar Dubey

Clustering token-level contextualized word representations produces output that shares many similarities with topic models for English text collections. Unlike clusterings of vocabulary-level word embeddings, the resulting models more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Laure Thompson , David Mimno

Distributed representations of words have been shown to capture lexical semantics, as demonstrated by their effectiveness in word similarity and analogical relation tasks. But, these tasks only evaluate lexical semantics indirectly. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-12-02 Thanapon Noraset , Chen Liang , Larry Birnbaum , Doug Downey

Chain-of-thought (CoT) rationale enables language models to use additional task-related text for problem-solving, benefiting not only from detailed reasoning steps but also from the expanded computational space of longer inputs. Prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yoonna Jang , Kisu Yang , Isabelle Augenstein

Recent work has shown that large pretrained Language Models (LMs) can not only perform remarkably well on a range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks but also start improving on reasoning tasks such as arithmetic induction, symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Jing Qian , Hong Wang , Zekun Li , Shiyang Li , Xifeng Yan

We propose a new uniform framework for text classification and ranking that can automate the process of identifying check-worthy sentences in political debates and speech transcripts. Our framework combines the semantic analysis of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ting Su , Craig Macdonald , Iadh Ounis

Pretrained language models have achieved a new state of the art on many NLP tasks, but there are still many open questions about how and why they work so well. We investigate the contextualization of words in BERT. We quantify the amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Mengjie Zhao , Philipp Dufter , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Hinrich Schütze

Pretraining on large, semantically rich datasets is key for developing language models. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that even synthetic data, generated procedurally through simple semantic-free algorithms, can yield some of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zachary Shinnick , Liangze Jiang , Hemanth Saratchandran , Anton van den Hengel , Damien Teney

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit a gap between their internal knowledge and their explicit linguistic outputs. In this report, we empirically investigate whether Looped Transformers (LTs)--architectures that increase computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Guanxu Chen , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao

To what extent can a neural network systematically reason over symbolic facts? Evidence suggests that large pre-trained language models (LMs) acquire some reasoning capacity, but this ability is difficult to control. Recently, it has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Alon Talmor , Oyvind Tafjord , Peter Clark , Yoav Goldberg , Jonathan Berant

Word-vector representations associate a high dimensional real-vector to every word from a corpus. Recently, neural-network based methods have been proposed for learning this representation from large corpora. This type of word-to-vector…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-21 Roberto Santana

This paper addresses the classification of Arabic text data in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), with a particular focus on Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Contradiction Detection (CD). Arabic is considered a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Mohammad Majd Saad Al Deen , Maren Pielka , Jörn Hees , Bouthaina Soulef Abdou , Rafet Sifa

Recent large language models have demonstrated relevant capabilities in solving problems that require logical reasoning; however, the corresponding internal mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we show that a small language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Davide Maltoni , Matteo Ferrara

Does the effectiveness of neural language models derive entirely from accurate modeling of surface word co-occurrence statistics, or do these models represent and reason about the world they describe? In BART and T5 transformer language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Belinda Z. Li , Maxwell Nye , Jacob Andreas

Exemplar based accounts are often considered to be in direct opposition to pure linguistic abstraction in explaining language learners' ability to generalize to novel expressions. However, the recent success of neural network language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Kanishka Misra , Najoung Kim

When large language models (LLMs) use in-context learning (ICL) to solve a new task, they must infer latent concepts from demonstration examples. This raises the question of whether and how transformers represent latent structures as part…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Guan Zhe Hong , Bhavya Vasudeva , Vatsal Sharan , Cyrus Rashtchian , Prabhakar Raghavan , Rina Panigrahy