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Deep architectures such as Transformers are sometimes criticized for having uninterpretable "black-box" representations. We use causal intervention analysis to show that, in fact, some linguistic features are represented in a linear,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Sophie Hao , Tal Linzen

Transformer-based language models are now widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP). This statement is especially true for English language, in which many pre-trained models utilizing transformer-based architecture have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Sławomir Dadas , Michał Perełkiewicz , Rafał Poświata

Large language models (LLM) such as OpenAI's ChatGPT and GPT-3 offer unique testbeds for exploring the translation challenges of turning literacy into numeracy. Previous publicly-available transformer models from eighteen months prior and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 David Noever , Forrest McKee

We explore to what extent knowledge about the pre-trained language model that is used is beneficial for the task of abstractive summarization. To this end, we experiment with conditioning the encoder and decoder of a Transformer-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Dmitrii Aksenov , Julián Moreno-Schneider , Peter Bourgonje , Robert Schwarzenberg , Leonhard Hennig , Georg Rehm

The ability to transmit and receive complex information via language is unique to humans and is the basis of traditions, culture and versatile social interactions. Through the disruptive introduction of transformer based large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Patrick Krauss , Jannik Hösch , Claus Metzner , Andreas Maier , Peter Uhrig , Achim Schilling

Embedding layers in transformer-based NLP models typically account for the largest share of model parameters, scaling with vocabulary size but not yielding performance gains proportional to scale. We propose an alternative approach in which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Henry Ndubuaku , Mouad Talhi

We investigate how embedding dimension affects the emergence of an internal "world model" in a transformer trained with reinforcement learning to perform bubble-sort-style adjacent swaps. Models achieve high accuracy even with very small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Brady Bhalla , Honglu Fan , Nancy Chen , Tony Yue YU

Dense vector representations for textual data are crucial in modern NLP. Word embeddings and sentence embeddings estimated from raw texts are key in achieving state-of-the-art results in various tasks requiring semantic understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Sonal Sannigrahi , Josef van Genabith , Cristina Espana-Bonet

Most of the Chinese pre-trained models adopt characters as basic units for downstream tasks. However, these models ignore the information carried by words and thus lead to the loss of some important semantics. In this paper, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Wenbiao Li , Rui Sun , Yunfang Wu

With the success of contextualized language models, much research explores what these models really learn and in which cases they still fail. Most of this work focuses on specific NLP tasks and on the learning outcome. Little research has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Aikaterini-Lida Kalouli , Rita Sevastjanova , Christin Beck , Maribel Romero

Particle tracking is crucial for almost all physics analysis programs at the Large Hadron Collider. Deep learning models are pervasively used in particle tracking related tasks. However, the current practice is to design and train one deep…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-02-19 Andris Huang , Yash Melkani , Paolo Calafiura , Alina Lazar , Daniel Thomas Murnane , Minh-Tuan Pham , Xiangyang Ju

Transformer based language models exhibit intelligent behaviors such as understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, acquiring knowledge, reasoning, planning, reflecting and using tools. This paper explores how their underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Sumeet S. Singh

Off-the-shelf pre-trained language models have become the de facto standard in NLP pipelines for a multitude of downstream tasks. However, the inability of these models to properly encode numerals limits their performance on tasks requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Mandar Sharma , Rutuja Murlidhar Taware , Pravesh Koirala , Nikhil Muralidhar , Naren Ramakrishnan

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on complex reasoning tasks, yet little is known about their ability to internally evaluate problem difficulty, which is an essential capability for adaptive reasoning and efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sunbowen Lee , Qingyu Yin , Chak Tou Leong , Jialiang Zhang , Yicheng Gong , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang , Xiaoyu Shen

In this work, we systematically investigate how well current models of coherence can capture aspects of text implicated in discourse organisation. We devise two datasets of various linguistic alterations that undermine coherence and test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Youmna Farag , Josef Valvoda , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ted Briscoe

Following the recent success of word embeddings, it has been argued that there is no such thing as an ideal representation for words, as different models tend to capture divergent and often mutually incompatible aspects like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Mikel Artetxe , Gorka Labaka , Iñigo Lopez-Gazpio , Eneko Agirre

Deep neural network models have been very successfully applied to Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Image based tasks. Their application to network analysis and management tasks is just recently being pursued. Our interest is in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Franck Le , Davis Wertheimer , Seraphin Calo , Erich Nahum

Language models have become nearly ubiquitous in natural language processing applications achieving state-of-the-art results in many tasks including prosody. As the model design does not define predetermined linguistic targets during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Sofoklis Kakouros , Johannah O'Mahony

Numbers are crucial for various real-world domains such as finance, economics, and science. Thus, understanding and reasoning with numbers are essential skills for language models to solve different tasks. While different numerical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mubashara Akhtar , Abhilash Shankarampeta , Vivek Gupta , Arpit Patil , Oana Cocarascu , Elena Simperl

Large language models (LLMs) frequently make errors when handling even simple numerical problems, such as comparing two small numbers. A natural hypothesis is that these errors stem from how LLMs represent numbers, and specifically, whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Amit Arnold Levy , Mor Geva