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In multi-infeed hybrid AC-DC (MIDC) systems, the asynchronous interconnection between regional grids, the complicated system dynamics and possible cascading failures have an enormous effect on the frequency stability. In order to deal with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-27 Ye Liu , Chen Shen

In the context of dynamic virtual power plants (DVPPs), the integration of frequency containment reserve (FCR) and fast frequency control (FFC) enabled via local compensation of power imbalance represents a significant advancement in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-10 Saif Ahmad , Seifeddine Ben Elghali , Hafiz Ahmed

The rapid integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into power systems has identified frequency security challenges due to reduced inertia and increased load volatility. This paper proposes a robust power reserve decision-making…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Guangchun , Ruan , Xiuqiang He

This paper proposes a taxonomy of power converter control schemes based on the recently proposed concept of complex frequency. This quantity captures local frequency variations due to the change of both the phase angle and amplitude of bus…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-18 Dionysios Moutevelis , Javier Roldan-Perez , Milan Prodanovic , Federico Milano

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of power systems considering a network-preserving model with nonlinear power flows and excitation voltage dynamics. Salient features of the proposed distributed control strategy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , John Z. F. Pang , Steven Low , Shengwei Mei

This paper presents the novel Droop-e grid-forming inverter control strategy, which establishes an active power-frequency relationship based on an exponential function of the inverter power dispatch. The advantages of this control strategy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-11 Rick Wallace Kenyon , Amirhossein Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Recent work has proposed a universal framework that integrates the well-established power synchronization control into vector current control. Using this controller for the parallel operation of grid-forming converters, and/or with loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Irina Subotic , Lennart Harnefors , Ioannis Tsoumas

We consider the problem of voltage stability and reactive power balancing in islanded small-scale electrical networks outfitted with DC/AC inverters ("microgrids"). A droop-like voltage feedback controller is proposed which is quadratic in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-21 John W. Simpson-Porco , Florian Dorfler , Francesco Bullo

Due to the rise of distributed energy resources, the control of networks of grid-forming inverters is now a pressing issue for power system operation. Droop control is a popular control strategy in the literature for frequency control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-08 Kevin D. Smith , Saber Jafarpour , Francesco Bullo

This paper investigates the frequency control of multi-machine power systems subject to uncertain and dynamic net loads. We propose distributed internal model controllers that coordinate synchronous generators and demand response to tackle…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hunmin Kim , Minghui Zhu , Jianming Lian

The concept of complex frequency has been recently introduced on the IEEE Transactions on Power Systems to study bus voltage variations in magnitude and frequency and their link with complex power injections of a power system. In this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-31 Ignacio Ponce , Federico Milano

This work develops a constraint-aware grid-forming (GFM) control that explicitly accounts for current limits and modulation limits within the GFM oscillator dynamics generating the GFM voltage reference (i.e., phase angle and magnitude).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Dominic Groß

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control the demand side instead of increasing the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Eder Batista Tchawou Tchuisseu , Damià Gomila , Pere Colet

As the penetration level of distributed energy resources (DERs) continues to rise, traditional frequency and voltage support from synchronous machines declines. This weakens grid stability and increases the need for fast and adaptive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Sihao Chen , Xue Hu , Zhaoyuan Wu

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Voltage (Volt) and reactive-power (VAR) control in transmission networks is critical for reliability and increasingly needs fast, implementable decisions. This paper presents a transmission Volt/VAR Optimization (VVO) framework that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-30 Shuaicheng Tong , Michael A. Boateng , Mathieu Tanneau , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Modern low-carbon power systems come with many challenges, such as increased inverter penetration and increased uncertainty from renewable sources and loads. In this context, the microgrid concept is a promising approach, which is based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 E. D. Gomez Anccas , C. A. Hans , D. Schulz

AI data center loads create query-driven power transients on millisecond timescales. Such loads can violate the timescale separation assumptions underlying internal inverter control of grid-following resources collocated with data centers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Miroslav Kosanic , Marija Ilic

As electric power systems evolve towards decarbonization, the transition to inverter-based resources (IBRs) presents challenges to grid stability, necessitating innovative control solutions. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) emerges as a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-08 Jingzhe Xu , Weihua Zhou , Behrooz Bahrani