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A unified virtual oscillator controller (uVOC) is proposed, which enables a unified analysis, design, and implementation framework for both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) voltage source converters (VSCs). Oscillator based GFM…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 M A Awal , Iqbal Husain

This paper introduces a new grid-forming control for power converters, termed hybrid angle control (HAC) that ensures the almost global closed-loop stability. HAC combines the recently proposed matching control with a novel nonlinear angle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Ali Tayyebi , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

There are tradeoffs between current sharing among distributed resources and DC bus voltage stability when conventional droop control is used in DC microgrids. As current sharing approaches the setpoint, bus voltage deviation increases.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-24 Tuyen V. Vu , Dallas Perkins , Fernand Diaz , David Gonsoulin , Chris S. Edrington , Touria El-Mezyani

Power electronic converters are fundamental building blocks of both AC and DC microgrids, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electronic loads, and electric vehicles. In contrast, converter control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

We present a hardware-based validation of angular droop control for grid-forming DC/AC converters, a control strategy that establishes active power-to-angle droop. Angular droop control enables exact frequency regulation at steady state,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Taouba Jouini , Jan Wachter , Sophie An , Veit Hagenmeyer

The grid-forming converter is an important unit in the future power system with more inverter-interfaced generators. However, improving its performance is still a key challenge. This paper proposes a generalized architecture of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-14 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

Advanced microgrids consisting of distributed energy resources interfaced with multi-inverter systems are becoming more common. Consequently, the effectiveness of voltage and frequency regulation in microgrids using conventional droop-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-16 Sourav Patel , Soham Chakraborty , Blake Lundstrom , Srinivasa Salapaka , Murti V. Salapaka

In this work, we investigate grid-forming (GFM) control for dc/ac voltage source converters (VSC) under unbalanced system conditions and unbalanced faults. To fully leverage the degrees of freedom of VSCs, we introduce the concept of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-31 Prajwal Bhagwat , Dominic Groß

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

Power grid frequency control is a demanding task requiring expensive idle power plants to adapt the supply to the fluctuating demand. An alternative approach is controlling the demand side in such a way that certain appliances modify their…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-08-09 E. B. Tchawou Tchuisseu , D. Gomila , D. Brunner , P. Colet

With the growing integration of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) in Multi-Terminal Direct Current (MTDC) transmission systems, there is an increasing need for control strategies that ensure both economic efficiency and robust dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-07 Hongjin Du , Tuanku Badzlin Hashfi , Rashmi Prasad , Pedro P. Vergara , Peter Palensky , Aleksandra Lekić

DC microgrids are getting more and more applications due to simple converters, only voltage control and higher efficiencies compared to conventional AC grids. Droop control is a well know decentralized control strategy for power sharing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-18 Muhammad Anees , Lisa Qi , Mario Schweizer , Srdjan Lukic

Integration of distributed energy resources has created a need for autonomous, dynamic voltage regulation. Decentralized Volt-VAr Control (VVC) of grid-connected inverters presents a unique opportunity for voltage management but, if…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Daniel Russell , Dakota Hamilton , Mads R. Almassalkhi , Hamid R. Ossareh

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

Unified virtual oscillator controller (uVOC) inherits the rigorous analytical foundation offered by oscillator based grid-forming (GFM) controllers and enables fast over-current limiting and fault ride-through (FRT). Control design for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-20 M A Awal , Iqbal Husain

Inspired by the kinetics of wave phenomena in reaction-diffusion models of biological systems, we propose a novel grid-forming control strategy for control of three-phase DC/AC converters in power systems. The ($\lambda-\omega$) virtual…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-22 Taouba Jouini , Emma Tegling , Zhiyong Sun

The reliance on distributed renewable energy has increased recently. As a result, power electronic-based distributed generators replaced synchronous generators which led to a change in the dynamic characteristics of the microgrid. Most…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-24 Waleed Breesam , Rezvan Alamian , Nima Tashakor , Brahim Elkhalil Youcefa , Stefan M. Goetz

Volt/var control (VVC) of smart PV inverter is becoming one of the most popular solutions to address the voltage challenges associated with high PV penetration. This work focuses on the local droop VVC recommended by the grid integration…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-30 Ankit Singhal , Venkataramana Ajjarapu , Jason. C. Fuller , Jacob Hansen

The growing integration of distributed energy resources into distribution systems poses challenges for voltage regulation. Dynamic VAR Compensators (DVCs) are a new generation of power electronics-based Volt/VAR compensation devices…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-13 Han Pyo Lee , Keith DSouza , Ke Chen , Ning Lu , Mesut Baran