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The rapid advancement of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs) has heightened the need for early-phase design space exploration (DSE) to minimize design iterations and unexpected challenges. Emphasizing the pre-register-transfer…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Runxi Wang , Ziheng Wang , Ting Lin , Jacob M. Raby , Mircea R. Stan , Xinfei Guo

Besides the lot of advantages offered by the 3D stacking of devices in an integrated circuit there is a chance of device damage due to rise in peak temperature value. Hence, in order to make use of all the potential benefits of the vertical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Ramya Menon C. , Vinod Pangracious

3D integration technologies are seeing widespread adoption in the semiconductor industry to offset the limitations and slowdown of two-dimensional scaling. High-density 3D integration techniques such as face-to-face wafer bonding with…

High power density systems require efficient cooling to maintain their thermal performance. Despite this, as systems get larger and more complex, human practice and insight may not suffice to determine the desired thermal management system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-25 Saeid Bayat , Nastaran Shahmansouri , Satya RT Peddada , Alexander Tessier , Adrian Butscher , James T Allison

3D integrated circuit (3D-IC) technology gained acceptance due to the ability to achieve extremely high level of integration, where hundreds of ICs are stacked vertically. Such level of integration can result in local power dissipation of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-11-04 Chandrasekhar Mandalapu , Ibrahim M Abdel-Motaleb , Sangki Hong , Robert Patti

3D stacked technology has emerged as an effective mechanism to overcome physical limits and communication delays found in 2D integration. However, 3D technology also presents several drawbacks that prevent its smooth application. Two of the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-23 David Cuesta , José L. Risco-Martín , José L. Ayala , J. Ignacio Hidalgo

Thermal management is vital for the efficient and safe operation of alkaline electrolysis systems. Traditional alkaline electrolysis systems use simple proportional-integral-differentiation (PID) controllers to maintain the stack…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-01 Ruomei Qi , Jiarong Li , Jin Lin , Yonghua Song , Jiepeng Wang , Qiangqiang Cui , Yiwei Qiu , Ming Tang , Jian Wang

Classical multi-scale methods involving two spatial scales face significant challenges when simulating heterogeneous structures with complicated three-scale spatial configurations. This study proposes an innovative higher-order three-scale…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-11 Hao Dong , Yanqi Wang , Jiale Linghu , Qiang Ma

Thermal issue is a major concern in 3D integrated circuit (IC) design. Thermal optimization of 3D IC often requires massive expensive PDE simulations. Neural network-based thermal prediction models can perform real-time prediction for many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Ziyue Liu , Yixing Li , Jing Hu , Xinling Yu , Shinyu Shiau , Xin Ai , Zhiyu Zeng , Zheng Zhang

Thermally aware design of 2.5D and 3D advanced packaging systems will require fast, accurate, and powerful thermal analysis of chiplets, stacks, and packages. These systems contain multiple materials with non-linear heat transfer properties…

As modern electronic devices are increasingly miniaturized and integrated, their performance relies more heavily on effective thermal management. Two-phase cooling methods enhanced by porous surfaces, which capitalize on thin-film…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jonathan Tammer Eweis-LaBolle , Chuanning Zhao , Yoonjin Won , Ramin Bostanabad

For beyond 2-D CMOS logic, various 3-D integration approaches specially transistor based 3-D integrations such as monolithic 3-D [1], Skybridge [2], SN3D [3] holds most promise. However, such 3D architectures within small form factor…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Md Arif Iqbal , Naveen Kumar Macha , Wafi Danesh , Sehtab Hossain , Mostafizur Rahman

The increasing power densities and intricate heat dissipation paths in advanced 2.5D/3D chiplet systems necessitate thermal modeling frameworks that deliver detailed thermal maps with high computational efficiency. Traditional compact…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Kai Zhu , Darong Huang , Luis Costero , David Atienza

To resolve the rising temperatures in 3.5D-ICs, a thermal-aware design flow becomes increasingly crucial, necessitating an accurate and efficient thermal simulation tool. However, previous tools struggle to handle the unique heterogeneous…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Qipan Wang , Tianxiang Zhu , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

Thermal simulation plays a fundamental role in the thermal design of integrated circuits, especially 3D ICs. Current simulators require significant runtime for high-resolution simulation, and dismiss the complex nonlinear thermal effects,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Qipan Wang , Tianxiang Zhu , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

Interconnect is one of the main performance determinant of modern integrated circuits (ICs). The new technology of vertical ICs places circuit blocks in the vertical dimension in addition to the conventional horizontal plane. Compared to…

Materials Science · Physics 2013-05-15 Abderrazzak El Boukili

Thermal behavior has become a first-order constraint in advanced 2.5D/3D integrated circuits (ICs) and heterogeneous packages. As power densities rise and multiple active dies are vertically integrated, heat removal paths become…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Baibhari Priya Barua , Md Rahatul Islam Udoy , Ahmedullah Aziz

Micro-channel cooling initially aiming at small-sized high-power integrated circuits is being transferred to the field of high energy physics. Today`s prospects of micro-fabricating silicon opens a door to a more direct cooling of detector…

Most previous 3D IC research focused on stacking traditional 2D silicon layers, so the interconnect reduction is limited to inter-block delays. In this paper, we propose techniques that enable efficient exploration of the 3D design space…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Yongxiang Liu , Yuchun Ma , Eren Kurshan , Glenn Reinman , Jason Cong

Rapidly evolving artificial intelligence and machine learning applications require ever-increasing computational capabilities, while monolithic 2D design technologies approach their limits. Heterogeneous integration of smaller chiplets…

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