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Theory-of-Mind (ToM) is a core human cognitive capacity for attributing mental states to self and others. Wimmer and Perner demonstrated that humans progress from first- to higher-order ToM within a short span, completing this development…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yiming Wang , Rui Wang

As large language models (LLMs) become the engine behind conversational systems, their ability to reason about the intentions and states of their dialogue partners (i.e., form and use a theory-of-mind, or ToM) becomes increasingly critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hanqi Xiao , Vaidehi Patil , Zaid Khan , Hyunji Lee , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Cognitive abilities, such as Theory of Mind (ToM), play a vital role in facilitating cooperation in human social interactions. However, our study reveals that agents with higher ToM abilities may not necessarily exhibit better cooperative…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Jiaqi Shao , Tianjun Yuan , Tao Lin , Bing Luo

Theory of Mind is an essential ability of humans to infer the mental states of others. Here we provide a coherent summary of the potential, current progress, and problems of deep learning approaches to Theory of Mind. We highlight that many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Jaan Aru , Aqeel Labash , Oriol Corcoll , Raul Vicente

Safety fine-tuning in Large Language Models (LLMs) seeks to suppress potentially harmful forms of mind-attribution such as models asserting their own consciousness or claiming to experience emotions. We investigate whether suppressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Junsol Kim , Winnie Street , Roberta Rocca , Daine M. Korngiebel , Adam Waytz , James Evans , Geoff Keeling

Theory of Mind (ToM) assesses whether models can infer hidden mental states such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, which is essential for natural social interaction. Although recent progress in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) has boosted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Nanxu Gong , Haotian Li , Sixun Dong , Jianxun Lian , Yanjie Fu , Xing Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown a promise and emergence of Theory of Mind (ToM) ability and even outperform humans in certain ToM tasks. To evaluate and extend the boundaries of the ToM reasoning ability of LLMs, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Weizhi Tang , Vaishak Belle

While recent studies explore Large Language Models' (LLMs) performance on Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning tasks, research on ToM abilities that require more nuanced social context is limited, such as white lies. We introduce TactfulToM, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Yiwei Liu , Emma Jane Pretty , Jiahao Huang , Saku Sugawara

In this paper, a pragmatic semantic communication framework that enables effective goal-oriented information sharing between two-intelligent agents is proposed. In particular, semantics is defined as the causal state that encapsulates the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Christo Kurisummoottil Thomas , Emilio Calvanese Strinati , Walid Saad

Machine learning of Theory of Mind (ToM) is essential to build social agents that co-live with humans and other agents. This capacity, once acquired, will help machines infer the mental states of others from observed contextual action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Dung Nguyen , Phuoc Nguyen , Hung Le , Kien Do , Svetha Venkatesh , Truyen Tran

Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked substantial interest and debate concerning their potential emergence of Theory of Mind (ToM) ability. Theory of mind evaluations currently focuses on testing models using machine-generated data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Chunkit Chan , Cheng Jiayang , Yauwai Yim , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Haoran Li , Xin Liu , Hongming Zhang , Weiqi Wang , Yangqiu Song

We propose a hybrid approach to machine Theory of Mind (ToM) that uses large language models (LLMs) as a mechanism for generating hypotheses and likelihood functions with a Bayesian inverse planning model that computes posterior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Rebekah A. Gelpí , Eric Xue , William A. Cunningham

Theory-of-mind (ToM), a human ability to infer the intentions and thoughts of others, is an essential part of empathetic experiences. We provide here the framework for using NLP models to measure ToM expressed in written texts. For this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Yoon Kyung Lee , Inju Lee , Jae Eun Park , Yoonwon Jung , Jiwon Kim , Sowon Hahn

We propose CX-ToM, short for counterfactual explanations with theory-of mind, a new explainable AI (XAI) framework for explaining decisions made by a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). In contrast to the current methods in XAI that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Arjun R. Akula , Keze Wang , Changsong Liu , Sari Saba-Sadiya , Hongjing Lu , Sinisa Todorovic , Joyce Chai , Song-Chun Zhu

Neural Theory-of-Mind (N-ToM), machine's ability to understand and keep track of the mental states of others, is pivotal in developing socially intelligent agents. However, prevalent N-ToM benchmarks have several shortcomings, including the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hainiu Xu , Runcong Zhao , Lixing Zhu , Jinhua Du , Yulan He

We introduce a novel Theory of Mind (ToM) framework inspired by dual-process theories from cognitive science, integrating a fast, habitual graph-based reasoning system (System 1), implemented via graph convolutional networks (GCNs), and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Shalima Binta Manir , Tim Oates

Trust and reliance are often treated as coupled constructs in human-AI interaction research, with the assumption that calibrating trust will lead to appropriate reliance. We challenge this assumption in educational contexts, where students…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Olivia Pal , Veda Duddu , Agam Goyal , Drishti Goel , Koustuv Saha

Existing Theory of Mind (ToM) benchmarks diverge from real-world scenarios in three aspects: 1) they assess a limited range of mental states such as beliefs, 2) false beliefs are not comprehensively explored, and 3) the diverse personality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Kazutoshi Shinoda , Nobukatsu Hojo , Kyosuke Nishida , Saki Mizuno , Keita Suzuki , Ryo Masumura , Hiroaki Sugiyama , Kuniko Saito

Natural language interaction with agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI), driven by Large Language Models (LLMs), is expected to remain a dominant paradigm in the near future. While humans instinctively align their communication with mental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mehdi Jafari , Devin Yuncheng Hua , Hao Xue , Flora Salim

Intuitive psychology is a pillar of common-sense reasoning. The replication of this reasoning in machine intelligence is an important stepping-stone on the way to human-like artificial intelligence. Several recent tasks and benchmarks for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Tomer Ullman
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