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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable multilingual capabilities despite the extreme language imbalance in the pre-training data. In this paper, we closely examine the reasons behind this phenomenon, focusing on the pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zhijun Wang , Jiahuan Li , Hao Zhou , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xin Huang , Xue Han , Junlan Feng , Chao Deng , Shujian Huang

Code-switching entails mixing multiple languages. It is an increasingly occurring phenomenon in social media texts. Usually, code-mixed texts are written in a single script, even though the languages involved have different scripts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Niraj Pahari , Kazutaka Shimada

Code-Switching, a common phenomenon in written text and conversation, has been studied over decades by the natural language processing (NLP) research community. Initially, code-switching is intensively explored by leveraging linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Genta Indra Winata , Alham Fikri Aji , Zheng-Xin Yong , Thamar Solorio

Code-switching, the alternation of languages within a conversation or utterance, is a common communicative phenomenon that occurs in multilingual communities across the world. This survey reviews computational approaches for code-switched…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Sunayana Sitaram , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black

Code-switching is a pervasive phenomenon in multilingual communication, yet the robustness of large language models (LLMs) in mixed-language settings remains insufficiently understood. In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of…

Multilingual language models have shown decent performance in multilingual and cross-lingual natural language understanding tasks. However, the power of these multilingual models in code-switching tasks has not been fully explored. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Zihan Liu , Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

This work focuses on building language models (LMs) for code-switched text. We propose two techniques that significantly improve these LMs: 1) A novel recurrent neural network unit with dual components that focus on each language in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Saurabh Garg , Tanmay Parekh , Preethi Jyothi

Code-switching (CSW) is the act of alternating between two or more languages within a single discourse. This phenomenon is widespread in multilingual communities, and increasingly prevalent in online content, where users naturally mix…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Amr Mohamed , Yang Zhang , Michalis Vazirgiannis , Guokan Shang

Code-switching is a common phenomenon among multilingual speakers, where alternation between two or more languages occurs within the context of a single conversation. While multilingual humans can seamlessly switch back and forth between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Thamme Gowda , Mozhdeh Gheini , Jonathan May

In this work, we present a simple and elegant approach to language modeling for bilingual code-switched text. Since code-switching is a blend of two or more different languages, a standard bilingual language model can be improved upon by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Saurabh Garg , Tanmay Parekh , Preethi Jyothi

Large language models (LLMs) have exerted a considerable impact on diverse language-related tasks in recent years. Their demonstrated state-of-the-art performance is achieved through methodologies such as zero-shot or few-shot prompting.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Arshad Kaji , Manan Shah

Existing efforts on text synthesis for code-switching mostly require training on code-switched texts in the target language pairs, limiting the deployment of the models to cases lacking code-switched data. In this work, we study the problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 I-Hung Hsu , Avik Ray , Shubham Garg , Nanyun Peng , Jing Huang

Training code-switched language models is difficult due to lack of data and complexity in the grammatical structure. Linguistic constraint theories have been used for decades to generate artificial code-switching sentences to cope with this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Chien-Sheng Wu , Pascale Fung

Code-switching is a data augmentation scheme mixing words from multiple languages into source lingual text. It has achieved considerable generalization performance of cross-lingual transfer tasks by aligning cross-lingual contextual word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhuoran Li , Chunming Hu , Junfan Chen , Zhijun Chen , Xiaohui Guo , Richong Zhang

The analysis of data in which multiple languages are represented has gained popularity among computational linguists in recent years. So far, much of this research focuses mainly on the improvement of computational methods and largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-10 A. Seza Doğruöz , Sunayana Sitaram , Barbara E. Bullock , Almeida Jacqueline Toribio

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Alexander Waibel

Code-switching (CS), a ubiquitous phenomenon due to the ease of communication it offers in multilingual communities still remains an understudied problem in language processing. The primary reasons behind this are: (1) minimal efforts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Parul Chopra , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu

Spoken dialog systems need to be able to handle both multiple languages and multilinguality inside a conversation (\textit{e.g} in case of code-switching). In this work, we introduce new pretraining losses tailored to learn multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Emile Chapuis , Pierre Colombo , Matthieu Labeau , Chloe Clavel

This paper addresses challenges of Natural Language Processing (NLP) on non-canonical multilingual data in which two or more languages are mixed. It refers to code-switching which has become more popular in our daily life and therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-10 Özlem Çetinoğlu , Sarah Schulz , Ngoc Thang Vu

Code-Switching (CSW) is a common phenomenon that occurs in multilingual geographic or social contexts, which raises challenging problems for natural language processing tools. We focus here on Machine Translation (MT) of CSW texts, where we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Jitao Xu , François Yvon
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