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The opacity in developing large language models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns about the potential contamination of public benchmarks in the pre-training data. Existing contamination detection methods are typically based on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Feng Yao , Yufan Zhuang , Zihao Sun , Sunan Xu , Animesh Kumar , Jingbo Shang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant progress in various areas, such as text generation and code synthesis. However, the reliability of performance evaluation has come under scrutiny due to data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yuxing Cheng , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Language models pre-trained on web-scale corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities on diverse downstream tasks. However, there is increasing concern whether such capabilities might arise from evaluation datasets being included in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Minhao Jiang , Ken Ziyu Liu , Ming Zhong , Rylan Schaeffer , Siru Ouyang , Jiawei Han , Sanmi Koyejo

Data contamination in model evaluation has become increasingly prevalent with the growing popularity of large language models. It allows models to "cheat" via memorisation instead of displaying true capabilities. Therefore, contamination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Yucheng Li , Frank Guerin , Chenghua Lin

Large language models pretrained on extensive web corpora demonstrate remarkable performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, a growing concern is data contamination, where evaluation datasets may be contained in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Medha Palavalli , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew R. Gormley

Recent claims about the impressive abilities of large language models (LLMs) are often supported by evaluating publicly available benchmarks. Since LLMs train on wide swaths of the internet, this practice raises concerns of data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Manley Roberts , Himanshu Thakur , Christine Herlihy , Colin White , Samuel Dooley

In this position paper, we argue that the classical evaluation on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks using annotated benchmarks is in trouble. The worst kind of data contamination happens when a Large Language Model (LLM) is trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Oscar Sainz , Jon Ander Campos , Iker García-Ferrero , Julen Etxaniz , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Eneko Agirre

Recent observations have underscored a disparity between the inflated benchmark scores and the actual performance of LLMs, raising concerns about potential contamination of evaluation benchmarks. This issue is especially critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Xiangru Tang , Mark Gerstein , Arman Cohan

In recent years, code intelligence has gained increasing importance in the field of automated software engineering. Meanwhile, the widespread adoption of Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhen Yang , Hongyi Lin , Yifan He , Junqi Wang , Zeyu Sun , Shuo Liu , Jie Xu , Pengpeng Wang , Zhongxing Yu , Qingyuan Liang

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has significantly enhanced performance across benchmarks. However, data contamination-unintentional memorization of benchmark data during model training-poses critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dingjie Song , Sicheng Lai , Mingxuan Wang , Shunian Chen , Lichao Sun , Benyou Wang

Data contamination has garnered increased attention in the era of large language models (LLMs) due to the reliance on extensive internet-derived training corpora. The issue of training corpus overlap with evaluation benchmarks--referred to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Yuzhao Heng , Yitong Li , Jiannan Cao , Xiangru Tang , Arman Cohan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, achieving exceptional results on various established benchmarking frameworks. However, concerns about data contamination - where benchmark data inadvertently leaks into…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zeng Wang , Minghao Shao , Jitendra Bhandari , Likhitha Mankali , Ramesh Karri , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Muhammad Shafique , Johann Knechtel

Large language models are increasingly trained on all the data ever produced by humans. Many have raised concerns about the trustworthiness of public benchmarks due to potential contamination in pre-training or fine-tuning datasets. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Shuo Yang , Wei-Lin Chiang , Lianmin Zheng , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Data contamination in model evaluation is getting increasingly prevalent as the massive training corpora of large language models often unintentionally include benchmark samples. Therefore, contamination analysis has became an inevitable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Yucheng Li

Various techniques have been proposed to leverage the capabilities of code language models (CLMs) for SE tasks. While these techniques typically evaluate their effectiveness using publicly available datasets, the evaluation can be subject…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Jialun Cao , Wuqi Zhang , Shing-Chi Cheung

Benchmark contamination refers to the presence of test datasets in Large Language Model (LLM) pre-training or post-training data. Contamination can lead to inflated scores on benchmarks, compromising evaluation results and making it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sanchit Ahuja , Varun Gumma , Sunayana Sitaram

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly exposed to data contamination, i.e., performance gains driven by prior exposure of test datasets rather than generalization. However, in the context of tabular data, this problem is largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Matteo Silvestri , Fabiano Veglianti , Flavio Giorgi , Fabrizio Silvestri , Gabriele Tolomei

Recent work suggests that large language models (LLMs) can improve performance of speech tasks compared to existing systems. To support their claims, results on LibriSpeech and Common Voice are often quoted. However, this work finds that a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-06 Yuan Tseng , Titouan Parcollet , Rogier van Dalen , Shucong Zhang , Sourav Bhattacharya

As frontier AI systems are pretrained on web-scale data, test set contamination has become a critical concern for accurately assessing their capabilities. While research has thoroughly investigated the impact of test set contamination on…

The rapid evolution of code largelanguage models underscores the need for effective and transparent benchmarking of their reasoning capabilities. However, the current benchmarking approach heavily depends on publicly available,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Simin Chen , Pranav Pusarla , Baishakhi Ray
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