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This study investigates deep offshore, pumping Airborne Wind Energy systems, focusing on the kite-platform interaction. The considered system includes a 360 m2 soft-wing kite, connected by a tether to a winch installed on a 10-meter-deep…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-12 Sofia Trombini , Edoardo Pasta , Lorenzo Fagiano

Large-scale offshore Wind Farms (WFs) are considered key assets towards realizing a sustainable power system. These systems are often configured as offshore AC islands and their integration largely depends on the High-Voltage-Direct-Current…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-29 Eleni Tsotsopoulou , Vasileios Psaras , Dionysios Moutevelis , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Alexandros Paspatis

A common assumption in both grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) control systems is that they are open-loop (OL) stable in the vicinity of high-frequency resonances. Hence classical loop-shaping approaches are often used for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Meng Chen , Yufei Xi , Frede Blaabjerg , Lin Cheng , Ioannis Lestas

Converter-interfaced power sources (CIPS) are hybrid control systems as they may switch between multiple operating modes. Due to increasing penetration, the hybrid behavior of CIPS, such as, wind turbine generators (WTG), may have…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Yichen Zhang , Kevin Tomsovic , Seddik M. Djouadi , Hector Pulgar-Painemal

We analyze a dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control for power systems containing ac and dc transmission, converter-interfaced generation and energy storage, and legacy generation. To operate such a system and provide standard services,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Irina Subotić , and Dominic Groß

This paper employs modal analysis to study the core inertial dynamics of governor-controlled synchronous generators (GC-SG), droop-based grid-forming (GFM) converters, and their most fundamental interactions. The results indicate that even…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Gerardo Medrano , Santiago Cóbreces

Active power oscillations frequently arise in inverter-dominated power systems with multiple converters operating under Virtual Synchronous Generator control, posing risks to system stability and protection coordination. While various…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-29 Junjie Xiao , Lu Wang , Xiong Du , Pedro Rodriguez , Zian Qin

The increasing integration of renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, introduces significant uncertainty into hybrid AC-HVDC systems due to forecast errors and power fluctuations. Conventional control strategies typically rely on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-30 Hongjin Du , Rahul Rane , Weijie Xia , Pedro P. Vergara , Aleksandra Lekić

This paper proposes a novel control framework designed for Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), denoted as Generalized Swing Control (GSC). The proposed GSC framework generalizes the definition of Grid-Forming (GFM) control schemes and exploits…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-05 Rodrigo Bernal , Federico Milano

We consider the problem of controlling the frequency of low-inertia power systems via inverter-based resources (IBRs) that are weakly connected to the grid. We propose a novel grid-forming control strategy, the so-called frequency shaping…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Yashen Lin , Andrey Bernstein , Enrique Mallada , Dominic Groß

This work presents (i) a framework for certifying small-signal frequency stability of a power system with line dynamics and heterogeneous bus dynamics, (ii) a novel reduced-order model of damper windings in synchronous machines, and (iii) a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Dahlia Saba , Dominic Groß

As the number of converter-based renewable generations in the power system is increasing, the inertia provided by the synchronous generators is reducing, which in turn is reducing the stability margins of the power system. In order to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-12 Sujay Ghosh , Mohammad Kazem Bakhshizadeh , Łukasz Kocewiak , Guangya Yang

Virtual Oscillator (VO) control is the latest and promising control technique for grid-forming and grid-supporting inverters. VO Controllers (VOCs) provide time-domain synchronization with a connected electrical network. At the same time, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-25 Ritwik Ghosh , Narsa Reddy Tummuru , Bharat Singh Rajpuohit

Power electronic converters enable wind turbines, operating at variable speed, to generate electricity more efficiently. Among variable speed operating turbine generators, permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) has got more…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-07-14 Fattah Hassanzadeh , Hossein Sangrody , Amin Hajizadeh , Shahrokh akhlaghi

The diode rectifier unit-based high voltage direct current (DRU-HVDC) transmission with grid-forming (GFM) wind turbine is becoming a promising scheme for offshore wind farm(OWF) integration due to its high reliability and low cost. In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-19 Zhekai Li , Kun Han , Xu Cai , Renxin Yang , Haotian Yu , Kepeng Xia , Lulu Liu

Voltage support capability is critical for grid-forming (GFM) inverters with current-limiting control (CLC) during grid faults. Despite the findings on the voltage support for symmetrical grid faults, its applicability to more common but…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-08 Han Zhang , Rui Liu , Yunwei , Li

Diverse synchronization dynamics within the grid-following (GFL)/grid-forming (GFM) converters-interlinked system are prone to induce oscillatory instabilities. To quantify their stability influences, frequency-domain modal analysis (FMA)…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Haoxiang Zong , Chen Zhang , Marta Molinas

Under asymmetrical faults, analyzing the transient stability of grid-forming voltage-source converters (GFM-VSCs) becomes essential because their behavior fundamentally differs from that under symmetrical faults. When current limiting is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Seongyeon Kim , Ki-Hyun Kim , Shenghui Cui , Jae-Jung Jung

In this paper, frequency dynamics in modern power systems with a high penetration of converter-based generation is analysed. A fundamental analysis of the frequency dynamics is performed to identify the limitations and challenges when the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Carlos Collados-Rodriguez , Daniel Westerman Spier , Marc Cheah-Mane , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka