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Transformer models have significantly advanced the field of emotion recognition. However, there are still open challenges when exploring open-ended queries for Large Language Models (LLMs). Although current models offer good results,…

Multimodal Empathetic Response Generation (MERG) is crucial for building emotionally intelligent human-computer interactions. Although large language models (LLMs) have improved text-based ERG, challenges remain in handling multimodal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ronghao Lin , Shuai Shen , Weipeng Hu , Qiaolin He , Aolin Xiong , Li Huang , Haifeng Hu , Yap-peng Tan

While the automatic evaluation of omni-modal large models (OLMs) is essential, assessing empathy remains a significant challenge due to its inherent affectivity. To investigate this challenge, we introduce AEQ-Bench (Audio Empathy Quotient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Xuan Luo , Lewei Yao , Libo Zhao , Lanqing Hong , Kai Chen , Dehua Tao , Daxin Tan , Ruifeng Xu , Jing Li

Human acceptance of social robots is greatly effected by empathy and perceived understanding. This necessitates accurate and flexible responses to various input data from the user. While systems such as this can become increasingly complex…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Jordan Sinclair , Christopher Reardon

Conversational systems are now capable of producing impressive and generally relevant responses. However, we have no visibility nor control of the socio-emotional strategies behind state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs), which poses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lorraine Vanel , Ariel R. Ramos Vela , Alya Yacoubi , Chloé Clavel

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly more powerful in their ability to complete complex tasks. One such task in which LLMs are often employed is scoring, i.e., assigning a numerical value from a certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Henry J. Xie , Jinghan Zhang , Xinhao Zhang , Kunpeng Liu

Empathy is essential for fostering natural interactions in spoken dialogue systems, as it enables machines to recognize the emotional tone of human speech and deliver empathetic responses. Recent research has made significant progress in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yun Hong , Yan Zhou , Yang Feng

End-to-end Spoken Language Models (SLMs) hold great potential for paralinguistic perception, and numerous studies have aimed to enhance their capabilities, particularly for empathetic dialogue. However, current approaches largely depend on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuhang Jia , Pei Liu , Haoqin Sun , Jiaming Zhou , Xuxin Cheng , Cao Liu , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai , Yong Qin

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have driven major advances in language understanding, marking a significant step toward artificial general intelligence (AGI). With increasing demands for higher-level semantics and cross-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuntao Shou , Tao Meng , Wei Ai , Keqin Li

The integration of conversational artificial intelligence (AI) into mental health care promises a new horizon for therapist-client interactions, aiming to closely emulate the depth and nuance of human conversations. Despite the potential,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yuqi Chu , Lizi Liao , Zhiyuan Zhou , Chong-Wah Ngo , Richang Hong

The performance of speech emotion recognition (SER) is limited by the insufficient emotion information in unimodal systems and the feature alignment difficulties in multimodal systems. Recently, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yiqing Yang , Man-Wai Mak

Recent developments in generative AI have shone a spotlight on high-performance synthetic text generation technologies. The now wide availability and ease of use of such models highlights the urgent need to provide equally powerful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Alan Cowap , Yvette Graham , Jennifer Foster

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating empathic responses in text-based conversations. But, how reliably do they judge the nuances of empathic communication? We investigate this question by comparing how experts, crowdworkers, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aakriti Kumar , Nalin Poungpeth , Diyi Yang , Erina Farrell , Bruce Lambert , Matthew Groh

This work investigates whether synthetic emotional chain-of-thought data can improve the emotional reasoning abilities of smaller open large language models (LLMs). We design a multi-agent generation pipeline that produces therapy-style…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Arjhun Sreedar , Rohan Pillay , Laukik Patade

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved natural language understanding and generation, enhancing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). However, LLMs are limited to unimodal text processing and lack the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Chenxi Li

Multi-modal emotion recognition has garnered increasing attention as it plays a significant role in human-computer interaction (HCI) in recent years. Since different discrete emotions may exist at the same time, compared with single-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Chuhang Zheng , Chunwei Tian , Jie Wen , Daoqiang Zhang , Qi Zhu

Emotional support is a core capability in human-AI interaction, with applications including psychological counseling, role play, and companionship. However, existing evaluations of large language models (LLMs) often rely on short, static…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Zhouxing Tan , Ruochong Xiong , Yulong Wan , Jinlong Ma , Hanlin Xue , Qichun Deng , Haifeng Jing , Zhengtong Zhang , Depei Liu , Shiyuan Luo , Junfei Liu

Affective computing seeks to support the holistic development of artificial intelligence by enabling machines to engage with human emotion. Recent foundation models, particularly large language models (LLMs), have been trained and evaluated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Sree Bhattacharyya , Evgenii Kuriabov , Lucas Craig , Tharun Dilliraj , Reginald B. Adams, , Jia Li , James Z. Wang

The detection of micro-expression Action Units (AUs) is a formidable challenge in affective computing, pivotal for decoding subtle, involuntary human emotions. While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate profound reasoning abilities,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Zhishu Liu , Kaishen Yuan , Bo Zhao , Yong Xu , Zitong Yu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have highlighted the need for robust, comprehensive, and challenging benchmarks. Yet, research on evaluating their Emotional Intelligence (EI) is considerably limited. Existing benchmarks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Sahand Sabour , Siyang Liu , Zheyuan Zhang , June M. Liu , Jinfeng Zhou , Alvionna S. Sunaryo , Juanzi Li , Tatia M. C. Lee , Rada Mihalcea , Minlie Huang