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The literature on word-representable graphs is quite rich, and a number of variations of the original definition have been proposed over the years. We are initiating a systematic study of such variations based on formal languages. In our…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Zhidan Feng , Henning Fernau , Pamela Fleischmann , Kevin Mann , Silas Cato Sacher

We target the problem of provably computing the equivalence between two complex expression trees. To this end, we formalize the problem of equivalence between two such programs as finding a set of semantics-preserving rewrite rules from one…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Steve Kommrusch , Théo Barollet , Louis-Noël Pouchet

A pair of letters $x$ and $y$ are said to alternate in a word $w$ if, after removing all letters except for the copies of $x$ and $y$ from $w$, the resulting word is of the form $xyxy\ldots$ (of even or odd length) or $yxyx\ldots$ (of even…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-14 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

Word-representable graphs, characterized by the existence of a semi-transitive orientation, form a well-studied class of graphs. Comparability graphs form another well-studied class and constitute a subclass of word-representable graphs.…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Benny George Kenkireth , Gopalan Sajith , Sreyas Sasidharan

A simple graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ iff $xy\in E$. Word-representable graphs generalize several important classes of graphs. A graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-03 Özgür Akgün , Ian P. Gent , Sergey Kitaev , Hans Zantema

Letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in a word $w$ if after deleting in $w$ all letters but the copies of $x$ and $y$ we either obtain a word $xyxy\cdots$ (of even or odd length) or a word $yxyx\cdots$ (of even or odd length). A graph $G=(V,E)$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-29 Sergey Kitaev , Yangjing Long , Jun Ma , Hehui Wu

For an arbitrary word $w$ on an alphabet, we can define the alternating symbol graph, $G(w)$, as the graph in which the edge $(a, b)$ is in $E$ iff the letters $a$ and $b$ alternate in the word $w$. A graph $G = (V, E)$ is said to be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-14 Ameya Daigavane , Mrityunjay Singh , Benny K. George

Given a finite word $w$ over a finite alphabet $V$, consider the graph with vertex set $V$ and with an edge between two elements of $V$ if and only if the two elements alternate in the word $w$. Such a graph is said to be word-representable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-15 Marisa Gaetz , Caleb Ji

Word-representable graphs are a class of graphs that can be represented by words, where edges and non-edges are determined by the alternation of letters in those words. Several papers in the literature have explored the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-22 Herman Z. Q. Chen , Humaira Hameed , Sergey Kitaev

We examine ordered graphs, defined as graphs with linearly ordered vertices, from the perspective of homomorphisms (and colorings) and their complexities. We demonstrate the corresponding computational and parameterized complexities, along…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Michal Čertík , Andreas Emil Feldmann , Jaroslav Nešetřil , Paweł Rzążewski

Word-representable graphs are a subset of graphs that may be represented by a word $w$ over an alphabet composed of the vertices in the graph. In such graphs, an edge exists if and only if the occurrences of the corresponding vertices…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Duncan Adamson

While graphs and abstract data structures can be large and complex, practical instances are often regular or highly structured. If the instance has sufficient structure, we might hope to compress the object into a more succinct…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Shreya Gupta , Boyang Huang , Russell Impagliazzo , Stanley Woo , Christopher Ye

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is a \emph{word-representable graph} if there exists a word $W$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $W$ if and only if $(x,y)\in E$ for each $x\neq y$. In this paper we give an effective…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-29 Magnús M. Halldórsson , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin

A word-representable graph is a simple graph $G$ which can be represented by a word $w$ over the vertices of $G$ such that any two vertices are adjacent in $G$ if and only if they alternate in $w$. It is known that the class of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Khyodeno Mozhui , K. V. Krishna

The notion of word-representable graphs is a generalization of comparability graphs, in which graphs are represented by words. The complexity of word-representation of a word-representable graph is captured through the representation…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Khyodeno Mozhui , K. V. Krishna

Distinct letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in a word $w$ if after deleting in $w$ all letters but the copies of $x$ and $y$ we either obtain a word of the form $xyxy\cdots$ (of even or odd length) or a word of the form $yxyx\cdots$ (of even or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-09-06 Gi-Sang Cheon , Jinha Kim , Minki Kim , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin

Letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in a word $w$ if after deleting in $w$ all letters but the copies of $x$ and $y$ we either obtain a word $xyxy\cdots$ (of even or odd length) or a word $yxyx\cdots$ (of even or odd length). A graph $G=(V,E)$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-18 Sergey Kitaev

In recent years several compressed indexes based on variants of the Burrows-Wheeler transformation have been introduced. Some of these index structures far more complex than a single string, as was originally done with the FM-index…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Daniel Gibney , Sharma V. Thankachan

The notion of a word-representable graph has been studied in a series of papers in the literature. A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-17 Miles Jones , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin , Jeffrey Remmel

A resolving set in a graph $G$ is a vertex subset $W= \{\omega^1, \dots, \omega^n\} \subseteq V(G)$ such that each $u \in V(G)$ can be uniquely identified by the vector $r(u \vert W) = (d(u,\omega^1), \dots, d(u,\omega^n))$ of metric…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Víctor Franco-Sánchez , Mercè Mora , María Luz Puertas
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