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We present an extensible user simulation toolkit to facilitate automatic evaluation of conversational recommender systems. It builds on an established agenda-based approach and extends it with several novel elements, including user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Jafar Afzali , Aleksander Mark Drzewiecki , Krisztian Balog , Shuo Zhang

Existing recommendation systems have focused on two paradigms: 1- historical user-item interaction-based recommendations and 2- conversational recommendations. Conversational recommendation systems facilitate natural language dialogues…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Srijata Maji , Moghis Fereidouni , Vinaik Chhetri , Umar Farooq , A. B. Siddique

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in generating user summaries from a long list of raw user activity data. These summaries capture essential user information such as preferences and interests, and therefore are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Chao Wang , Neo Wu , Lin Ning , Jiaxing Wu , Luyang Liu , Jun Xie , Shawn O'Banion , Bradley Green

Conversational recommender systems (CRSs) capture user preference through textual information in dialogues. However, they suffer from data sparsity on two fronts: the dialogue space is vast and linguistically diverse, while the item space…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Sixiao Zhang , Mingrui Liu , Cheng Long , Wei Yuan , Hongxu Chen , Xiangyu Zhao , Hongzhi Yin

The successful integration of large language models (LLMs) into recommendation systems has proven to be a major breakthrough in recent studies, paving the way for more generic and transferable recommendations. However, LLMs struggle to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Junyan Qiu , Haitao Wang , Zhaolin Hong , Yiping Yang , Qiang Liu , Xingxing Wang

We present the first human-annotated dialogue-based relation extraction (RE) dataset DialogRE, aiming to support the prediction of relation(s) between two arguments that appear in a dialogue. We further offer DialogRE as a platform for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Dian Yu , Kai Sun , Claire Cardie , Dong Yu

User engagement is a critical metric for evaluating the quality of open-domain dialogue systems. Prior work has focused on conversation-level engagement by using heuristically constructed features such as the number of turns and the total…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Sarik Ghazarian , Ralph Weischedel , Aram Galstyan , Nanyun Peng

We present a methodology to systematically test conversational recommender systems with regards to conversational breakdowns. It involves examining conversations generated between the system and simulated users for a set of pre-defined…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Nolwenn Bernard , Krisztian Balog

Searching for and making decisions about information is becoming increasingly difficult as the amount of information and number of choices increases. Recommendation systems help users find items of interest of a particular type, such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2011-07-04 M. H. Goker , P. Langley , C. A. Thompson

Open-domain dialogue systems aim to generate natural and engaging conversations, providing significant practical value in real applications such as social robotics and personal assistants. The advent of large language models (LLMs) has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yufeng Wang , Jinwu Hu , Ziteng Huang , Kunyang Lin , Zitian Zhang , Peihao Chen , Yu Hu , Qianyue Wang , Zhuliang Yu , Bin Sun , Xiaofen Xing , Qingfang Zheng , Mingkui Tan

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled more semantic-aware recommendations through natural language generation. Existing LLM for recommendation (LLM4Rec) methods mostly operate in a System 1-like manner, relying on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Qihang Yu , Kairui Fu , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Xinhui Wu , Chen Lin , Feng Wei , Bo Zheng , Fei Wu

Training conversational recommender systems (CRS) requires extensive dialogue data, which is challenging to collect at scale. To address this, researchers have used simulated user-recommender conversations. Traditional simulation approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jerome Ramos , Feng Xia , Xi Wang , Shubham Chatterjee , Xiao Fu , Hossein A. Rahmani , Aldo Lipani

A Conversational Recommender System (CRS) offers increased transparency and control to users by enabling them to engage with the system through a real-time multi-turn dialogue. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited an…

The aim of this paper is to mitigate the shortcomings of automatic evaluation of open-domain dialog systems through multi-reference evaluation. Existing metrics have been shown to correlate poorly with human judgement, particularly in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Prakhar Gupta , Shikib Mehri , Tiancheng Zhao , Amy Pavel , Maxine Eskenazi , Jeffrey P. Bigham

In this paper, we investigate the problem of including relevant information as context in open-domain dialogue systems. Most models struggle to identify and incorporate important knowledge from dialogues and simply use the entire turns as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Rui Ribeiro , Luísa Coheur

Contextual Suggestion deals with search techniques for complex information needs that are highly focused on context and user needs. In this paper, we propose \emph{R-Rec}, a novel rule-based technique to identify and recommend appropriate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Kshitij Singh , Manajit Chakraborty , C. Ravindranath Chowdary

Conversational recommender systems aim to provide personalized recommendations by analyzing and utilizing contextual information related to dialogue. However, existing methods typically model the dialogue context as a whole, neglecting the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Guojia An , Jie Zou , Jiwei Wei , Chaoning Zhang , Fuming Sun , Yang Yang

Evaluating the quality of open-domain chatbots has become increasingly reliant on LLMs acting as automatic judges. However, existing meta-evaluation benchmarks are static, outdated, and lacking in multilingual coverage, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 John Mendonça , Alon Lavie , Isabel Trancoso

Large-scale language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, are becoming increasingly sophisticated and exhibit human-like capabilities, playing an essential role in assisting humans in a variety of everyday tasks. An important application of AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Yugen Sato , Taisei Nakajima , Tatsuki Kawamoto , Tomohiro Takagi

Conversational recommendation systems (CRS) leverage contextual information from conversations to generate recommendations but often struggle due to a lack of collaborative filtering (CF) signals, which capture user-item interaction…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Ahmad Bin Rabiah , Nafis Sadeq , Julian McAuley