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Large Language Model (LLM) agents have emerged as powerful tools for automating complex tasks by leveraging the reasoning and decision-making abilities of LLMs. However, a major bottleneck in current agent frameworks lies in the high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jingyi Jia , Qinbin Li

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have shown strong capabilities in using external tools to solve complex tasks. However, existing evaluations often overlook the temporal dimension of tool use, especially the impact of tool response…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kou Shi , Ziao Zhang , Shiting Huang , Avery Nie , Zhen Fang , Qiuchen Wang , Lin Chen , Huaian Chen , Zehui Chen , Feng Zhao

To address intricate real-world tasks, there has been a rising interest in tool utilization in applications of large language models (LLMs). To develop LLM-based agents, it usually requires LLMs to understand many tool functions from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Siyu Yuan , Kaitao Song , Jiangjie Chen , Xu Tan , Yongliang Shen , Ren Kan , Dongsheng Li , Deqing Yang

The resurgence of autonomous agents built using large language models (LLMs) to solve complex real-world tasks has brought increased focus on LLMs' fundamental ability of tool or function calling. At the core of these agents, an LLM must…

Agentic reinforcement learning has advanced large language models (LLMs) to reason through long chain-of-thought trajectories while interleaving external tool use. Existing approaches assume a fixed inventory of tools, limiting LLM agents'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jiaru Zou , Ling Yang , Yunzhe Qi , Sirui Chen , Mengting Ai , Ke Shen , Jingrui He , Mengdi Wang

Despite the advancements of open-source large language models (LLMs), e.g., LLaMA, they remain significantly limited in tool-use capabilities, i.e., using external tools (APIs) to fulfill human instructions. The reason is that current…

Recent research has demonstrated that Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their capabilities by utilizing external tools. However, three pivotal questions remain unanswered: (1) How effective are current LLMs in utilizing tools? (2)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Minghao Li , Yingxiu Zhao , Bowen Yu , Feifan Song , Hangyu Li , Haiyang Yu , Zhoujun Li , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Large language models (LLMs) have displayed massive improvements in reasoning and decision-making skills and can hold natural conversations with users. Many recent works seek to augment LLM-based assistants with external tools so they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Nicholas Farn , Richard Shin

Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to reliably invoke external tools remains a critical bottleneck for autonomous agents. Existing approaches suffer from three fundamental challenges: expensive human annotation for high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yuwen Li , Wei Zhang , Zelong Huang , Mason Yang , Jiajun Wu , Shawn Guo , Huahao Hu , Lingyi Sun , Jian Yang , Mingjie Tang , Byran Dai

Tool retrieval is a critical component in enabling large language models (LLMs) to interact effectively with external tools. It aims to precisely filter the massive tools into a small set of candidates for the downstream tool-augmented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Jianghao Lin , Xinyuan Wang , Xinyi Dai , Menghui Zhu , Bo Chen , Ruiming Tang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools and APIs to execute complex tasks specified in natural language. Evaluating such tool calling capabilities in realistic enterprise settings is challenging: APIs are often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Benjamin Elder , Anupama Murthi , Jungkoo Kang , Ankita Rajaram Naik , Kiran Kate , Kinjal Basu , Danish Contractor

Recently, there has been increasing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) to construct complex multi-agent systems to perform tasks such as compiling literature reviews, drafting consumer reports, and planning vacations. Many tools…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Andrew Zhu , Liam Dugan , Chris Callison-Burch

Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their capabilities as AI assistants by integrating external tools, allowing them to access a wider range of information. While recent LLMs are typically fine-tuned with tool usage examples during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jie He , Jennifer Neville , Mengting Wan , Longqi Yang , Hui Liu , Xiaofeng Xu , Xia Song , Jeff Z. Pan , Pei Zhou

Tool-augmented reasoning has emerged as a promising direction for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, existing studies mainly focus on enabling models to perform tool invocation, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Qinghe Ma , Zhen Zhao , Yiming Wu , Jian Zhang , Lei Bai , Yinghuan Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising potential in the medical domain, assisting with tasks like clinical note generation and patient communication. However, current LLMs are limited to text-based communication, hindering their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yusheng Liao , Shuyang Jiang , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

Tool planning with large language models (LLMs), referring to selecting, organizing, and preparing the tools necessary to complete a user request, bridges the gap between natural language understanding and task execution. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenjie Chen , Wenbin Li , Di Yao , Xuying Meng , Chang Gong , Jingping Bi

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) on general-purpose tasks, their performance in highly specialized domains such as biomedicine remains unsatisfactory. A key limitation is the inability of LLMs to effectively leverage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xin Gao , Ruiyi Zhang , Meixi Du , Peijia Qin , Pengtao Xie

Large language models (LLMs) like GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT have emerged as powerful tools for code generation, significantly enhancing productivity and accelerating software development. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Yixi Wu , Pengfei He , Zehao Wang , Shaowei Wang , Yuan Tian , Tse-Hsun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tool learning. In real-world scenarios, user queries are often ambiguous and incomplete, requiring effective clarification. However, existing interactive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xuan Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Zhe Zheng , Linjuan Wu , Wenqi Zhang , Yuchen Yan , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weiming Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, prompting the exploration of tool learning, which integrates LLMs with external tools to address diverse real-world challenges. Assessing the capability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Zhicheng Guo , Sijie Cheng , Hao Wang , Shihao Liang , Yujia Qin , Peng Li , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu
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