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Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools has emerged as a promising approach to extend their utility, enabling them to solve practical tasks. Previous methods manually parse tool documentation and create in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Lingyong Yan , Yue Feng , Xiuyi Chen , Zhumin Chen , Dawei Yin , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren

For agentic systems to use external tools to solve complex, long-horizon tasks, we need a large set of diverse and controllable tool-use environments. We introduce SynthTools, a fully LLM-based pipeline spanning the entire lifecycle:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tommaso Castellani , Naimeng Ye , Daksh Mittal , Thomson Yen , Emmanouil Koukoumidis , William Zeng , Hongseok Namkoong

We introduce API Pack, a massive multi-programming language dataset containing over one million instruction-API calls for improving the API call generation capabilities of large language models. Our evaluation highlights three key findings:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Zhen Guo , Adriana Meza Soria , Wei Sun , Yikang Shen , Rameswar Panda

Requirements Engineering (RE) plays a pivotal role in software development, encompassing tasks such as requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, and change management. Despite its critical importance, RE faces challenges including…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Malik Abdul Sami , Muhammad Waseem , Zheying Zhang , Zeeshan Rasheed , Kari Systä , Pekka Abrahamsson

Utilizing tools with Large Language Models (LLMs) is essential for grounding AI agents in real-world applications. The prevailing approach involves few-shot prompting with demonstrations or fine-tuning with expert annotations. However, mere…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaohan Wang , Dian Li , Yilin Zhao , Sinbadliu , Hui Wang

Tool learning with foundation models aims to endow AI systems with the ability to invoke external resources -- such as APIs, computational utilities, and specialized models -- to solve complex tasks beyond the reach of standalone language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Gabriele Mattioli , Evelyn Turri , Sara Sarto , Lorenzo Baraldi , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Tool learning aims to enhance and expand large language models' (LLMs) capabilities with external tools, which has gained significant attention recently. Current methods have shown that LLMs can effectively handle a certain amount of tools…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Qiancheng Xu , Yongqi Li , Heming Xia , Wenjie Li

We develop KnowThyself, an agentic assistant that advances large language model (LLM) interpretability. Existing tools provide useful insights but remain fragmented and code-intensive. KnowThyself consolidates these capabilities into a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Suraj Prasai , Mengnan Du , Ying Zhang , Fan Yang

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into the financial domain is driving a paradigm shift from passive information retrieval to dynamic, agentic interaction. While general-purpose tool learning has witnessed a surge in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jiaxuan Lu , Kong Wang , Yemin Wang , Qingmei Tang , Hongwei Zeng , Xiang Chen , Jiahao Pi , Shujian Deng , Lingzhi Chen , Yi Fu , Kehua Yang , Xiao Sun

The integration of external data services (e.g., Model Context Protocol, MCP) has made large language model-based agents increasingly powerful for complex task execution. However, this advancement introduces critical security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Che Wang , Jiaming Zhang , Ziqi Zhang , Zijie Wang , Yinghui Wang , Jianbo Gao , Tao Wei , Zhong Chen , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Augmented Language Models (ALMs) empower large language models with the ability to use tools, transforming them into intelligent agents for real-world interactions. However, most existing frameworks for ALMs, to varying degrees, are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Binfeng Xu , Xukun Liu , Hua Shen , Zeyu Han , Yuhan Li , Murong Yue , Zhiyuan Peng , Yuchen Liu , Ziyu Yao , Dongkuan Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their impressive natural language processing (NLP) capabilities. Recently, many studies have focused on the tool utilization ability of LLMs. They primarily…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Yue Huang , Jiawen Shi , Yuan Li , Chenrui Fan , Siyuan Wu , Qihui Zhang , Yixin Liu , Pan Zhou , Yao Wan , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Lichao Sun

Automatically generating source code from natural language descriptions has been a growing field of research in recent years. However, current large-scale code generation models often encounter difficulties when selecting appropriate APIs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Kechi Zhang , Huangzhao Zhang , Ge Li , Jia Li , Zhuo Li , Zhi Jin

Solving complex reasoning tasks may involve visual understanding, domain knowledge retrieval, numerical calculation, and multi-step reasoning. Existing methods augment large language models (LLMs) with external tools but are restricted to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Pan Lu , Bowen Chen , Sheng Liu , Rahul Thapa , Joseph Boen , James Zou

Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their reasoning capabilities by using external tools. However, many tasks lack predefined tools. Prior works have explored instructing LLMs to generate tools on their own, but such approaches depend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiao Liu , Da Yin , Zirui Wu , Yansong Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to build autonomous agents that perform complex tasks with external tools, often exposed through APIs in enterprise systems. Direct use of these APIs is difficult due to the complex input…

Tool calling allows large language models (LLMs) to interact with external systems like APIs, enabling applications in customer support, data analysis, and dynamic content generation. While recent benchmarks have advanced tool-use research,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Zuoyu Zhang , Yancheng Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have limitations in handling tasks that require real-time access to external APIs. While several benchmarks like ToolBench and APIGen have been developed to assess LLMs' API-use capabilities, they often suffer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Woojeong Kim , Ashish Jagmohan , Aditya Vempaty

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown significant autonomous capabilities in dynamically searching and incorporating relevant tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers for individual queries. However, fixed context windows limit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Elias Lumer , Anmol Gulati , Vamse Kumar Subbiah , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , James A. Burke

The proliferation of Large Language Models like ChatGPT has significantly advanced language understanding and generation, impacting a broad spectrum of applications. However, these models predominantly excel in text-based tasks, overlooking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Xiao Liu , Jianfeng Lin , Jiawei Zhang