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The convex hull of the subgraph of the prime counting function $x\rightarrow \pi(x)$ is a convex set, bounded from above by a graph of some piecewise affine function $x\rightarrow \epsilon(x)$. The vertices of this function form an infinite…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-08-18 Edward Tutaj

We survey results about prime number races, that is, results about the relative sizes of prime counting functions $\pi_{q,a}(x)$, with $q$ fixed and $a$ varying. In particular, we describe recent work by the authors on these problems.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-10-22 Kevin Ford , Sergei Konyagin

In this article we review recent generalisations of the central limit theorem for the sum of specially correlated (or q-independent) variables, focusing on q greater or equal than 1. Specifically, this kind of correlation turns the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-12-16 Silvio M. Duarte Queiros , Constantino Tsallis

We prove that for a positive integer $k$ the primes in certain kinds of intervals can not distribute too 'uniformly' among the reduced residue classes modulo $k$. Hereby, we prove a generalization of a conjecture of Recaman and establish…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-02-16 Christian Elsholtz , Niclas Technau , Robert Tichy

We address the question of the infinitude of twin and cousin prime pairs from a probabilistic perspective. Our approach partitions the set of integer numbers greater than $2$ in finite intervals of the form $[p_{n-1}^2,p_n^2)$, $p_{n-1}$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-03 Daniele Bufalo , Michele Bufalo , Felice Iavernaro

Using evaluations of the difference between consecutive primes we develop another way of estimating of the number of primes in the interval $(n, 2n)$. We also discuss the ultra Cramer conjecture, $p_{n+1} - p_n = O(log^{1+\epsilon}p_n)$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-28 Felix Sidokhine

We survey some past conditional results on the distribution of large differences between consecutive primes and examine how the Hardy-Littlewood prime k-tuples conjecture can be applied to this question.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-02-22 Scott Funkhouser , Daniel A. Goldston , Andrew H. Ledoan

We consider fully connected and feedforward deep neural networks with dependent and possibly heavy-tailed weights, as introduced in [26], to address limitations of the standard Gaussian prior. It has been proved in [26] that, as the number…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Nicola Apollonio , Giovanni Franzina , Giovanni Luca Torrisi

We study the distribution of primes from a topological viewpoint. Certain conjecture is introduced, and we show that it is equivalent to the Riemann Hypothesis.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-11-09 Kazunori Noguchi

We generalize a Theorem of Ricci and count Gaussian primes $\mathfrak{p}$ with short interval restrictions on both the norm and the argument of $\mathfrak{p}$.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-01-26 Joshua Stucky

We consider the problem of testing mutual independence among the components of a high-dimensional random vector. Building on the rank-based max-sum framework, we introduce fixed finite-$L_q$ power-sum statistics under three general classes…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-26 Ping Zhao , Hongfei Wang , Long Feng

We show estimates for the distribution of $k$-free numbers in short intervals and arithmetic progressions. We argue that, at least in certain ranges, these estimates agree with a conjecture by H. L. Montgomery.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-09 Ramon M. Nunes

In this paper, we obtain general representations for the joint distributions and copulas of arbitrary dependent random variables absolutely continuous with respect to the product of given one-dimensional marginal distributions. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-08-16 Victor H. de la Peña , Rustam Ibragimov , Shaturgun Sharakhmetov

We develop a unified density-based framework for primality, coprimality, and prime pairs, and introduce an intrinsic normalized model for prime gaps constrained by the Prime Number Theorem. Within this setting, a structural tension between…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-23 Gregorio Vettori

In 1976, Gallagher showed that, conditional on the Hardy--Littlewood conjectures, the number of primes below $x$ in a randomly chosen short interval of length $\lambda \log x$ asymptotically follows a Poisson distribution with mean…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Abhishek Jha

We prove an analogue of the Prime Number Theorem for short intervals on a smooth projective geometrically irreducible curve of arbitrary genus over a finite field. A short interval "of size E" in this setting is any additive translate of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-04-03 Efrat Bank , Tyler Foster

We investigate a generalized empirical likelihood approach in a two-group setting where the constraints on parameters have a form of U-statistics. In this situation, the summands that consist of the constraints for the empirical likelihood…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-05-04 Jihnhee Yu , Luge Yang , Albert Vexler , Alan D. Hutson

Let $\mathbf{X}(n) \in \mathbb{R}^d$ be a sequence of random vectors, where $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $d = d(n)$. Under certain weakly dependence conditions, we prove that the distribution of the maximal component of $\mathbf{X}$ and the…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-04-22 Mikhail Isaev , Igor Rodionov , Rui-Ray Zhang , Maksim Zhukovskii

We show that the existence of arithmetic progressions with few primes, with a quantitative bound on "few", implies the existence of larger gaps between primes less than x than is currently known unconditionally. In particular, we derive…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-07-05 Kevin Ford

In this paper, we study the distribution of the minimal distance (in the Hamming metric) of a random linear code of dimension $k$ in $\mathbb{F}_q^n$. We provide quantitative estimates showing that the distribution function of the minimal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Jing Hao , Han Huang , Galyna Livshyts , Konstantin Tikhomirov