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Semantic segmentation has witnessed remarkable advancements with the adaptation of the Transformer architecture. Parallel to the strides made by the Transformer, CNN-based U-Net has seen significant progress, especially in high-resolution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Seul-Ki Yeom , Julian von Klitzing

Transformer-based models are unable to process long sequences due to their self-attention operation, which scales quadratically with the sequence length. To address this limitation, we introduce the Longformer with an attention mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Iz Beltagy , Matthew E. Peters , Arman Cohan

Over recent years, the Transformer has become a fundamental building block for sequence modeling architectures. Yet at its core is the use of self-attention, whose memory and computational cost grow quadratically with the sequence length…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Qiuhao Zeng , Jerry Huang , Peng Lu , Gezheng Xu , Boxing Chen , Charles Ling , Boyu Wang

Latest development of neural models has connected the encoder and decoder through a self-attention mechanism. In particular, Transformer, which is solely based on self-attention, has led to breakthroughs in Natural Language Processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Xindian Ma , Peng Zhang , Shuai Zhang , Nan Duan , Yuexian Hou , Dawei Song , Ming Zhou

Self-attention has recently been adopted for a wide range of sequence modeling problems. Despite its effectiveness, self-attention suffers from quadratic compute and memory requirements with respect to sequence length. Successful approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Aurko Roy , Mohammad Saffar , Ashish Vaswani , David Grangier

Objective: Transformers, born to remedy the inadequate receptive fields of CNNs, have drawn explosive attention recently. However, the daunting computational complexity of global representation learning, together with rigid window…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Xian Lin , Li Yu , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Zengqiang Yan

Transformer-based models have significantly advanced natural language processing and computer vision in recent years. However, due to the irregular and disordered structure of point cloud data, transformer-based models for 3D deep learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Xincheng Yang , Mingze Jin , Weiji He , Qian Chen

We consider two biologically plausible structures, the Spiking Neural Network (SNN) and the self-attention mechanism. The former offers an energy-efficient and event-driven paradigm for deep learning, while the latter has the ability to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Zhaokun Zhou , Yuesheng Zhu , Chao He , Yaowei Wang , Shuicheng Yan , Yonghong Tian , Li Yuan

Transformer-based Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DPMs) have shown more potential than CNN-based DPMs, yet their extensive computational requirements hinder widespread practical applications. To reduce the computation budget of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Xinwang Chen , Ning Liu , Yichen Zhu , Feifei Feng , Jian Tang

Vision Transformer (ViT) has made significant advancements in computer vision, thanks to its token mixer's sophisticated ability to capture global dependencies between all tokens. However, the quadratic growth in computational demands as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guoan Xu , Wenfeng Huang , Wenjing Jia , Jiamao Li , Guangwei Gao , Guo-Jun Qi

Self-attention has become a defacto choice for capturing global context in various vision applications. However, its quadratic computational complexity with respect to image resolution limits its use in real-time applications, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Abdelrahman Shaker , Muhammad Maaz , Hanoona Rasheed , Salman Khan , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

While linear attention reduces the quadratic complexity of standard Transformers to linear time, it often lags behind in expressivity due to the removal of softmax normalization. This omission eliminates \emph{global competition}, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mingwei Xu , Xuan Lin , Xinnan Guo , Wanqing Xu , Wanyun Cui

Diffusion Transformers (DiT) have become the de-facto model for generating high-quality visual content like videos and images. A huge bottleneck is the attention mechanism where complexity scales quadratically with resolution and video…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Ruichen Chen , Keith G. Mills , Liyao Jiang , Chao Gao , Di Niu

Self-attention is central to the success of Transformer architectures; however, learning the query, key, and value projections from random initialization remains challenging and computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Hongyi Pan , Emadeldeen Hamdan , Xin Zhu , Ahmet Enis Cetin , Ulas Bagci

Transformers are among the state of the art for many tasks in speech, vision, and natural language processing, among others. Self-attentions, which are crucial contributors to this performance have quadratic computational complexity, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Roshan Sharma , Bhiksha Raj

The quadratic time and memory complexity inherent to self-attention mechanisms, with respect to sequence length, presents a critical computational bottleneck in the training and deployment of large-scale Transformer-based language models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Praneeth Kacham , Vahab Mirrokni , Peilin Zhong

Transformer neural networks (TNN) demonstrated state-of-art performance on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, replacing recurrent neural networks (RNNs), such as LSTMs or GRUs. However, TNNs did not perform well in speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-12 Jaeyoung Kim , Mostafa El-Khamy , Jungwon Lee

The adoption of Vision Transformers (ViTs) based architectures represents a significant advancement in 3D Medical Image (MI) segmentation, surpassing traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models by enhancing global contextual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Shehan Perera , Pouyan Navard , Alper Yilmaz

Transformers have become one of the dominant architectures in deep learning, particularly as a powerful alternative to convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision. However, Transformer training and inference in previous works…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Zizheng Pan , Bohan Zhuang , Haoyu He , Jing Liu , Jianfei Cai

Transformer has been applied in the field of computer vision due to its excellent performance in natural language processing, surpassing traditional convolutional neural networks and achieving new state-of-the-art. ViT divides an image into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Yuang Liu , Zhiheng Qiu , Xiaokai Qin
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