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The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has established LLM routing as a standard service delivery mechanism, where users select models based on cost, Quality of Service (QoS), among other things. However, optimal pricing in LLM…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Zhendong Guo , Wenchao Bai , Jiahui Jin

The SaaS paradigm has revolutionized software distribution by offering flexible pricing options to meet diverse customer needs. However, the rapid expansion of the SaaS market has introduced significant complexity for DevOps teams, who must…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Francisco Javier Cavero , Juan C. Alonso , Antonio Ruiz-Cortés

This paper explores the application of large language models (LLMs) in designing strategic mechanisms -- including auctions, contracts, and games -- for specific purposes in communication networks. Traditionally, strategic mechanism design…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Ismail Lotfi , Nouf Alabbasi , Omar Alhussein

We conduct experiments with algorithmic pricing agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs). In oligopoly settings, LLM-based pricing agents quickly and autonomously reach supracompetitive prices and profits. Variation in seemingly…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-09 Sara Fish , Yannai A. Gonczarowski , Ran I. Shorrer

Some of the most powerful language models currently are proprietary systems, accessible only via (typically restrictive) web or software programming interfaces. This is the Language-Models-as-a-Service (LMaaS) paradigm. In contrast with…

The growth of Robotics-as-a-Service (RaaS) presents new operational challenges, particularly in optimizing business decisions like pricing and equipment management. While much research focuses on the technical aspects of RaaS, the strategic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Joo Seung Lee , Anil Aswani

Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely deployed to solve problems related to marketing attribution and budget optimization. However, AI models can be quite complex, and it can be difficult to understand model workings and insights without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Yilin Gao , Sai Kumar Arava , Yancheng Li , James W. Snyder

There is an growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-agent systems to tackle interactive real-world tasks that require effective collaboration and assessing complex situations. Yet, we still have a limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Sahar Abdelnabi , Amr Gomaa , Sarath Sivaprasad , Lea Schönherr , Mario Fritz

The Software as a Service (SaaS) model is a distribution and licensing model that leverages pricing structures and subscriptions to profit. The utilization of such structures allows Information Systems (IS) to meet a diverse range of client…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Alejandro García-Fernández , José Antonio Parejo , Antonio Ruiz-Cortés

Many smart grid frameworks, such as demand response programs, require accurate information about consumers' parameters (e.g., flexibility) at the aggregator side to optimize grid operations. Existing works typically rely on perfect…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Hassan Mohamad , Chao Zhang , Samson Lasaulce , Olivier Beaude , Vineeth Satheeskumar Varma , Mounir Ghogho , Vincent Poor

This paper explores the multi-dimensional challenges faced during the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), including the massive scale of model parameters and file sizes, the complexity of development environment configuration, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Wilson Wei , Nicholas Chen , Yuxuan Li

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have rapidly proliferated and have been utilized in various tasks, including research in dialogue systems. We aimed to construct a system that not only leverages the flexible conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Katsumasa Yoshikawa , Takato Yamazaki , Masaya Ohagi , Tomoya Mizumoto , Keiya Sato

Test-time compute has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, this strategy has in turn increased how much users pay cloud-based providers offering LLM-as-a-service, since…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ander Artola Velasco , Dimitrios Rontogiannis , Stratis Tsirtsis , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez

Data marketplaces, which mediate the purchase and exchange of data from third parties, have attracted growing attention for reducing the cost and effort of data collection while enabling the trading of diverse datasets. However, a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jun Sashihara , Yukihisa Fujita , Kota Nakamura , Masahiro Kuwahara , Teruaki Hayashi

Peer-to-peer(P2P) energy trading may increase efficiency and reduce costs, but introduces significant challenges for network operators such as maintaining grid reliability, accounting for network losses, and redistributing costs equitably.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-01 Varsha N. Behrunani , Philipp Heer , Roy S. Smith , John Lygeros

In the context of `Everything-as-a-Service', the transportation sector has been evolving towards user-centric business models in which customized services and mode-agnostic mobility resources are priced in a unified framework. Yet, in the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-30 Haoning Xi , Wei Liu , David Rey , S. Travis Waller , Philip Kilby

State-of-the-art large language models require specialized hardware and substantial energy to operate. As a consequence, cloud-based services that provide access to large language models have become very popular. In these services, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ander Artola Velasco , Stratis Tsirtsis , Nastaran Okati , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez

Accurate price predictions are essential for market participants in order to optimize their operational schedules and bidding strategies, especially in the current context where electricity prices become more volatile and less predictable…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Naga Venkata Sai Jitin Jami , Juraj Kardoš , Olaf Schenk , Harald Köstler

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven progress in reasoning tasks -- from program synthesis to scientific hypothesis generation -- yet their ability to handle ranked preferences and structured algorithms in combinatorial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hadi Hosseini , Samarth Khanna , Ronak Singh

In online advertising systems, publishers often face a trade-off in information disclosure strategies: while disclosing more information can enhance efficiency by enabling optimal allocation of ad impressions, it may lose revenue potential…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yue Yin
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