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This paper focuses on establishing $L^2$ approximation properties for deep ReLU convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in two-dimensional space. The analysis is based on a decomposition theorem for convolutional kernels with a large spatial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Juncai He , Lin Li , Jinchao Xu

One of the theoretical pillars that sustain certain machine learning models are universal approximation theorems, which prove that they can approximate all functions from a function class to arbitrary precision. Independently, classical…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-04-28 Tobias Reinhart , Gemma De les Coves

We show that a neural network whose output is obtained as the difference of the outputs of two feedforward networks with exponential activation function in the hidden layer and logarithmic activation function in the output node (LSE…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Giuseppe C. Calafiore , Stephane Gaubert , Member , Corrado Possieri

We investigate the expressive power of depth-2 bandlimited random neural networks. A random net is a neural network where the hidden layer parameters are frozen with random assignment, and only the output layer parameters are trained by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Ming Li , Sho Sonoda , Feilong Cao , Yu Guang Wang , Jiye Liang

The universal approximation property (UAP) of neural networks is fundamental for deep learning, and it is well known that wide neural networks are universal approximators of continuous functions within both the $L^p$ norm and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Yongqiang Cai

In this work we produce a framework for constructing universal function approximators on graph isomorphism classes. We prove how this framework comes with a collection of theoretically desirable properties and enables novel analysis. We…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Rickard Brüel-Gabrielsson

Estimation of a multivariate regression function from independent and identically distributed data is considered. An estimate is defined which fits a deep neural network consisting of a large number of fully connected neural networks, which…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-08-31 Selina Drews , Michael Kohler

This article is concerned with the approximation and expressive powers of deep neural networks. This is an active research area currently producing many interesting papers. The results most commonly found in the literature prove that neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-08 I. Daubechies , R. DeVore , S. Foucart , B. Hanin , G. Petrova

Neural networks have been used prominently in several machine learning and statistics applications. In general, the underlying optimization of neural networks is non-convex which makes their performance analysis challenging. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-09 Soheil Feizi , Hamid Javadi , Jesse Zhang , David Tse

According to conventional neural network theories, the feature of single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks(SLFNs) resorts to parameters of the weighted connections and hidden nodes. SLFNs are universal approximators when at least the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-05-08 Yimin Yang , Q. M. Jonathan Wu , Guangbin Huang , Yaonan Wang

Density functional theory is one of the most efficient and widely used computational methods of quantum mechanics, especially in fields such as solid state physics and quantum chemistry. From the theoretical perspecive, its central object…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Mihály A. Csirik , Andre Laestadius , Mathias Oster

Feed-forward, fully-connected Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) or the so-called Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) are well-known universal approximators. However, their learning performance varies significantly depending on the function or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Serkan Kiranyaz , Turker Ince , Alexandros Iosifidis , Moncef Gabbouj

Multi-layer feedforward networks have been used to approximate a wide range of nonlinear functions. An important and fundamental problem is to understand the learnability of a network model through its statistical risk, or the expected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Gen Li , Jie Ding

A neural network computes a function. A central property of neural networks is that they are "universal approximators:" for a given continuous function, there exists a neural network that can approximate it arbitrarily well, given enough…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Arthur Choi , Ruocheng Wang , Adnan Darwiche

We use deep sparsely connected neural networks to measure the complexity of a function class in $L^2(\mathbb R^d)$ by restricting connectivity and memory requirement for storing the neural networks. We also introduce representation system -…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Khay Boon Hong

We establish universal approximation theorems for infinite-dimensional geometric rough paths, i.e., we show that continuous functions on the space of infinite-dimensional weakly geometric H\"older continuous rough paths can be approximated…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-04 Sonja Cox , Asma Khedher , Thijs Maessen

We propose a novel class of neural network-like parametrized functions, i.e., general transformation neural networks (GTNNs), for high-dimensional approximation. Conventional deep neural networks sometimes perform less accurately on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Xiaoyang Wang , Yiqi Gu

We study a universal approximation property of ODENet and ResNet. The ODENet is a map from an initial value to the final value of an ODE system in a finite interval. It is considered a mathematical model of a ResNet-type deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Masato Kimura , Kazunori Matsui , Yosuke Mizuno

In order to choose a neural network architecture that will be effective for a particular modeling problem, one must understand the limitations imposed by each of the potential options. These limitations are typically described in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Jesse Johnson

The universal approximation property of various machine learning models is currently only understood on a case-by-case basis, limiting the rapid development of new theoretically justified neural network architectures and blurring our…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-01 Anastasis Kratsios