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Large language models are capable of in-context learning, the ability to perform new tasks at test time using a handful of input-output examples, without parameter updates. We develop a universal approximation theory to elucidate how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Gen Li , Yuchen Jiao , Yu Huang , Yuting Wei , Yuxin Chen

In the present study, we investigate a universality of neural networks, which concerns a density of the set of two-layer neural networks in a function spaces. There are many works that handle the convergence over compact sets. In the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Naoya Hatano , Masahiro Ikeda , Isao Ishikawa , Yoshihiro Sawano

We make the case for neural network objects and extend an already existing neural network calculus explained in detail in Chapter 2 on \cite{bigbook}. Our aim will be to show that, yes, indeed, it makes sense to talk about neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Shakil Rafi , Joshua Lee Padgett , Ukash Nakarmi

We introduce a Banach space-valued extension of random feature learning, a data-driven supervised machine learning technique for large-scale kernel approximation. By randomly initializing the feature maps, only the linear readout needs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ariel Neufeld , Philipp Schmocker

We propose a neural embedding algorithm called Network Vector, which learns distributed representations of nodes and the entire networks simultaneously. By embedding networks in a low-dimensional space, the algorithm allows us to compare…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-09-11 Hao Wu , Kristina Lerman

We propose a neural parameterization of convex sets by learning sublinear (positively homogeneous and convex) functions. Our networks implicitly represent both the support and gauge functions of a convex body. We prove a universal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-06 Eloi Martinet

The universal approximation property is fundamental to the success of neural networks, and has traditionally been achieved by training networks without any constraints on their parameters. However, recent experimental research proposed a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Yongqiang Cai , Gaohang Chen , Zhonghua Qiao

We present a fully constructive analysis of deep ReLU neural networks for classification and function approximation tasks. First, we prove that any dataset with $N$ distinct points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and $M$ output classes can be exactly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-25 Martín Hernández , Enrique Zuazua

The approximation capabilities of Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) are commonly justified by general Universal Approximation Theorems (UATs) that do not leverage the intrinsic structural properties of the optimal Q-function, the solution to a Bellman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Qian Qi

We develop a corrective mechanism for neural network approximation: the total available non-linear units are divided into multiple groups and the first group approximates the function under consideration, the second group approximates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Guy Bresler , Dheeraj Nagaraj

We introduce a multiplicative neural network architecture in which multiplicative interactions constitute the fundamental representation, rather than appearing as auxiliary components within an additive model. We establish a universal…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Hee-Sun Choi , Beom-Seok Han

The universal approximation theorem establishes that neural networks can approximate any continuous function on a compact set. Later works in approximation theory provide quantitative approximation rates for ReLU networks on the class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jonathan W. Siegel , Snir Hordan , Hannah Lawrence , Ali Syed , Nadav Dym

Deep neural networks are widely used in various domains. However, the nature of computations at each layer of the deep networks is far from being well understood. Increasing the interpretability of deep neural networks is thus important.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-19 Haiping Huang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved significant success in a variety of real world applications, i.e., image classification. However, tons of parameters in the networks restrict the efficiency of neural networks due to the large model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Yuzhe Ma , Ran Chen , Wei Li , Fanhua Shang , Wenjian Yu , Minsik Cho , Bei Yu

The possibility of approximating a continuous function on a compact subset of the real line by a feedforward single hidden layer neural network with a sigmoidal activation function has been studied in many papers. Such networks can…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Namig J. Guliyev , Vugar E. Ismailov

Here we research the univariate quantitative approximation of real and complex valued continuous functions on a compact interval or all the real line by quasi-interpolation, Baskakov type and quadrature type neural network operators. We…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2014-04-28 George Anastassiou

We improve recently published results about resources of Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) and Deep Belief Networks (DBN) required to make them Universal Approximators. We show that any distribution p on the set of binary vectors of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-07-27 Guido Montufar , Nihat Ay

Universality of neural networks describes the ability to approximate arbitrary function, and is a key ingredient to keep the method effective. The established models for universal quantum neural networks(QNN), however, require the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-22 Xiaokai Hou , Guanyu Zhou , Qingyu Li , Shan Jin , Xiaoting Wang

Network representation aims to represent the nodes in a network as continuous and compact vectors, and has attracted much attention in recent years due to its ability to capture complex structure relationships inside networks. However,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Ruiqi Hu , Celina Ping Yu , Sai-Fu Fung , Shirui Pan , Haishuai Wang , Guodong Long

In this paper, we develop a theory about the relationship between $G$-invariant/equivariant functions and deep neural networks for finite group $G$. Especially, for a given $G$-invariant/equivariant function, we construct its universal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Akiyoshi Sannai , Yuuki Takai , Matthieu Cordonnier