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The final stage of a binary black hole merger is ringdown, in which the system is described by a Kerr black hole with quasinormal mode perturbations. It is far from straightforward to identify the time at which the ringdown begins. Yet…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-06-06 Swetha Bhagwat , Maria Okounkova , Stefan W. Ballmer , Duncan A. Brown , Matthew Giesler , Mark A. Scheel , Saul A. Teukolsky

It is known that a quasinormal mode (QNM) of a remnant black hole dominates a ringdown gravitational wave (GW) in a binary black hole (BBH) merger. To study properties of the QNMs, it is important to determine the time when the QNMs appear…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-09-06 Kazuki Sakai , Ken-ichi Oohara , Hiroyuki Nakano , Masato Kaneyama , Hirotaka Takahashi

It is expected that all astrophysical black holes in equilibrium are well described by the Kerr solution. Moreover, any black hole far away from equilibrium, such as one initially formed in a compact binary merger or by the collapse of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-14 Pierre Mourier , Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Daniel Pook-Kolb , Badri Krishnan , Erik Schnetter

The measurability of multiple quasinormal (QN) modes, including overtones and higher harmonics, with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna is investigated by computing the gravitational wave (GW) signal induced by an intermediate or…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-01 Naritaka Oshita , Daichi Tsuna

Quasinormal modes (QNMs) uniquely describe the dominant piece of the gravitational-wave ringdown of postmerger black holes. While the linear QNM regime has been extensively studied, recent work has highlighted the importance of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-04 Patrick Bourg , Rodrigo Panosso Macedo , Andrew Spiers , Benjamin Leather , Béatrice Bonga , Adam Pound

We discuss an approach to obtaining black hole quasinormal modes (QNMs) using the asymptotic iteration method (AIM), initially developed to solve second order ordinary differential equations. We introduce the standard version of this method…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-05-08 H. T. Cho , A. S. Cornell , Jason Doukas , T. R. Huang , Wade Naylor

During the binary black hole coalescence, gravitational waves emitted at the ringdown stage can be well described by black hole perturbation theory, where the quasinormal modes (QNMs) become the important ingredient in modeling the pattern…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-18 Zhen-Hao Yang , Yun-He Lei , Xiao-Mei Kuang , Bin Wang

We investigate how resonant excitation near exceptional points manifests in Kerr black hole ringdown waveforms and examine its extraction. Using waveforms generated by localized initial data, where quasinormal mode amplitudes are given…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-27 Kei-ichiro Kubota , Hayato Motohashi

The ringdown phase following a binary black hole merger is usually assumed to be well described by a linear superposition of complex exponentials (quasinormal modes). In the strong-field conditions typical of a binary black hole merger,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Emanuele Berti , Vitor Cardoso , Jose A. Gonzalez , Ulrich Sperhake

We report evidence for nonlinear gravitational effects in the ringdown signal of gravitational wave event GW250114. Using Bayesian inference, we find that the inclusion of a nonlinear quasi-normal mode (220Q), a second-order harmonic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-21 Yuxin Yang , Changfu Shi , Yi-Ming Hu

In recent work, we examined how different modes in the ringdown phase of a binary coalescence are excited as a function of the final plunge geometry. At least in the large mass ratio limit, we found a clean mapping between angles describing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-29 Halston Lim , Gaurav Khanna , Scott A. Hughes

Gravitational waves from comparable-mass binary-black-hole mergers are often described in terms of three stages: inspiral, merger and ringdown. Post-Newtonian and black-hole perturbation theories are used to model the inspiral and ringdown…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-14 Nur E. M. Rifat , David A. Nichols , Kent Yagi

Since the Bekenstein's proposal that a black hole has equally spaced area spectrum, the quasinormal modes as the characteristic modes of a black hole have been used in obtaining the horizon area spectrum of the black hole. However, the area…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-06-25 Yongjoon Kwon , Soonkeon Nam

In general relativity, the remnant object originating from an uncharged black hole merger is a Kerr black hole. The approach to this final state is reached through the emission of a late train of radiation known as the black hole ringdown.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-10 Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Pierre Mourier

Recent studies have shown that far-field perturbations to the curvature potential of a black hole spacetime may destabilize its quasinormal mode (QNM) spectrum while only mildly affecting time-domain ringdown signals. In this work, we study…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-26 Andrew Laeuger , Colin Weller , Dongjun Li , Yanbei Chen

The gravitational waves emitted by a perturbed black hole ringing down are well described by damped sinusoids, whose frequencies are those of quasinormal modes. Typically, first-order black hole perturbation theory is used to calculate…

In the analysis of a binary black hole coalescence, it is necessary to include gravitational self-interactions in order to describe the transition of the gravitational wave signal from the merger to the ringdown stage. In this paper we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-08 Macarena Lagos , Lam Hui

We analytically determine the quasinormal mode (QNM) frequencies of a black hole with quadrupole moment in the eikonal limit using the light-ring method. The generalized black holes that are discussed in this work possess arbitrary…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-02-13 Alireza Allahyari , Hassan Firouzjahi , Bahram Mashhoon

The modeling of gravitational wave ringdown has traditionally relied on linear perturbation theory, which mainly describes the late-time behavior of a perturbed black hole after a binary merger. However, the need for more accurate ringdown…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-03 Macarena Lagos

It has been recently pointed out that nonlinear effects are necessary to model the ringdown stage of the gravitational waveform produced by the merger of two black holes giving rise to a remnant Kerr black hole. We show that this nonlinear…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-19 Alex Kehagias , Davide Perrone , Antonio Riotto , Francesco Riva