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Transparency and explainability in image classification are essential for establishing trust in machine learning models and detecting biases and errors. State-of-the-art explainability methods generate saliency maps to show where a specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Matteo Bianchi , Antonio De Santis , Andrea Tocchetti , Marco Brambilla

Recent research in deep learning methodology has led to a variety of complex modelling techniques in computer vision (CV) that reach or even outperform human performance. Although these black-box deep learning models have obtained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Anh Pham Thi Minh

Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. However, the intricate nature of these models often impedes a clear understanding of their decision-making processes. This is where Explainable AI (XAI) becomes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Soham Mitra , Atri Sukul , Swalpa Kumar Roy , Pravendra Singh , Vinay Verma

Methods based on class activation maps (CAM) provide a simple mechanism to interpret predictions of convolutional neural networks by using linear combinations of feature maps as saliency maps. By contrast, masking-based methods optimize a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Hanwei Zhang , Felipe Torres , Ronan Sicre , Yannis Avrithis , Stephane Ayache

Convolutional neural networks have become state-of-the-art in a wide range of image recognition tasks. The interpretation of their predictions, however, is an active area of research. Whereas various interpretation methods have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Kira Vinogradova , Alexandr Dibrov , Gene Myers

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for high-stakes applications like medicine, often surpassing human performance. However, most explanation methods rely on post-hoc attribution, approximating the decision-making process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Kerol Djoumessi , Philipp Berens

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant success in various synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tasks. However, the complexity and opacity of their internal mechanisms hinder the fulfillment of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Siyuan Sun , Yongping Zhang , Hongcheng Zeng , Yamin Wang , Wei Yang , Wanting Yang , Jie Chen

Explaining deep learning models is essential for clinical integration of medical image analysis systems. A good explanation highlights if a model depends on spurious features that undermines generalization and harms a subset of patients or,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Yoni Schirris , Eric Marcus , Jonas Teuwen , Hugo Horlings , Efstratios Gavves

Deep learning models are used in critical applications, in which mistakes can have serious consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how and why models generate predictions. This understanding provides useful information to check…

Deep learning models have achieved promising results in breast cancer classification, yet their 'black-box' nature raises interpretability concerns. This research addresses the crucial need to gain insights into the decision-making process…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Ann-Kristin Balve , Peter Hendrix

Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the network makes specific decisions. In this paper, we develop a novel post-hoc visual explanation method called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Haofan Wang , Zifan Wang , Mengnan Du , Fan Yang , Zijian Zhang , Sirui Ding , Piotr Mardziel , Xia Hu

Convolutional Neural Networks have been known as black-box models as humans cannot interpret their inner functionalities. With an attempt to make CNNs more interpretable and trustworthy, we propose IS-CAM (Integrated Score-CAM), where we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Rakshit Naidu , Ankita Ghosh , Yash Maurya , Shamanth R Nayak K , Soumya Snigdha Kundu

Deep learning opacity often impedes deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose a training framework that aligns model focus with class-representative features without requiring pixel-level annotations. To this end, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Giacomo Ignesti , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

As the request for deep learning solutions increases, the need for explainability is even more fundamental. In this setting, particular attention has been given to visualization techniques, that try to attribute the right relevance to each…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Samuele Poppi , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

This paper presents a method to explain the knowledge encoded in a convolutional neural network (CNN) quantitatively and semantically. The analysis of the specific rationale of each prediction made by the CNN presents a key issue of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-19 Runjin Chen , Hao Chen , Ge Huang , Jie Ren , Quanshi Zhang

This paper aims to quantitatively explain rationales of each prediction that is made by a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN). We propose to learn a decision tree, which clarifies the specific reason for each prediction made by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Quanshi Zhang , Yu Yang , Haotian Ma , Ying Nian Wu

Recent works have shown that exploiting multi-scale representations deeply learned via convolutional neural networks (CNN) is of tremendous importance for accurate contour detection. This paper presents a novel approach for predicting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-03 Dan Xu , Wanli Ouyang , Xavier Alameda-Pineda , Elisa Ricci , Xiaogang Wang , Nicu Sebe

In this paper two new learning-based eXplainable AI (XAI) methods for deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) image classifiers, called L-CAM-Fm and L-CAM-Img, are proposed. Both methods use an attention mechanism that is inserted in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Ioanna Gkartzonika , Nikolaos Gkalelis , Vasileios Mezaris

Visual interpretability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has gained significant popularity because of the great challenges that CNN complexity imposes to understanding their inner workings. Although many techniques have been proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Alexandros Stergiou

Interpreting Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is critical for safety-sensitive applications such as healthcare and autonomous systems. Popular visual explanation methods like Grad-CAM use a single convolutional layer, potentially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Casey Wall , Longwei Wang , Rodrigue Rizk , KC Santosh