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Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve prevailing results in segmentation tasks nowadays and represent the state-of-the-art for image-based analysis. However, the understanding of the accurate decision-making process of a CNN is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Tillmann Rheude , Andreas Wirtz , Arjan Kuijper , Stefan Wesarg

Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Frincy Clement , Ji Yang , Irene Cheng

Recently, the explanation of neural network models has garnered considerable research attention. In computer vision, CAM (Class Activation Map)-based methods and LRP (Layer-wise Relevance Propagation) method are two common explanation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Changqing Qiu , Fusheng Jin , Yining Zhang

We present Gradient Activation Maps (GAM) - a machinery for explaining predictions made by visual similarity and classification models. By gleaning localized gradient and activation information from multiple network layers, GAM offers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Oren Barkan , Omri Armstrong , Amir Hertz , Avi Caciularu , Ori Katz , Itzik Malkiel , Noam Koenigstein

The need for Explainable AI is increasing with the development of deep learning. The saliency maps derived from convolutional neural networks generally fail in localizing with accuracy the image features justifying the network prediction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Alexandre Englebert , Olivier Cornu , Christophe De Vleeschouwer

We describe an explainable AI saliency map method for use with deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) that is much more efficient than popular fine-resolution gradient methods. It is also quantitatively similar or better in accuracy. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-11 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Barry Y. Chen , Gerald Friedland

Deep learning models often function as black boxes, providing no straightforward reasoning for their predictions. This is particularly true for computer vision models, which process tensors of pixel values to generate outcomes in tasks such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Sachin Karmani , Thanushon Sivakaran , Gaurav Prasad , Mehmet Ali , Wenbo Yang , Sheyang Tang

Deep learning (DL) has gained popularity in recent years as an effective tool for classifying the current health and predicting the future of industrial equipment. However, most DL models have black-box components with an underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Hao Lu , Austin M. Bray , Chao Hu , Andrew T. Zimmerman , Hongyi Xu

We present Smooth Grad-CAM++, a technique which combines two recent techniques: SMOOTHGRAD and Grad-CAM++. Smooth Grad-CAM++ has the capability of either visualizing a layer, subset of feature maps, or subset of neurons within a feature map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Daniel Omeiza

Deep neural networks have been widely adopted in numerous domains due to their high performance and accessibility to developers and application-specific end-users. Fundamental to image-based applications is the development of Convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Emily Kaczmarek , Olivier X. Miguel , Alexa C. Bowie , Robin Ducharme , Alysha L. J. Dingwall-Harvey , Steven Hawken , Christine M. Armour , Mark C. Walker , Kevin Dick

Visual explanation maps enhance the trustworthiness of decisions made by deep learning models and offer valuable guidance for developing new algorithms in image recognition tasks. Class activation maps (CAM) and their variants (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yi Liao , Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo , Jue Zhang , Yongsheng Gao , Jun Zhou , Wenyi Zeng , Weichuan Zhang

Graph convolutional neural network (GCN) has drawn increasing attention and attained good performance in various computer vision tasks, however, there lacks a clear interpretation of GCN's inner mechanism. For standard convolutional neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Zhenpeng Feng , Xiyang Cui , Hongbing Ji , Mingzhe Zhu , Ljubisa Stankovic

CAM-based methods are widely-used post-hoc interpretability method that produce a saliency map to explain the decision of an image classification model. The saliency map highlights the important areas of the image relevant to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Magamed Taimeskhanov , Ronan Sicre , Damien Garreau

Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Juan Zhang , Xuan Gong , Baochang Zhang

We propose a novel method that trains a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to generate visual interpretations of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). To comprehend a CNN, the GAN is trained with information on how the CNN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 R T Akash Guna , Raul Benitez , O K Sikha

Deep neural networks are ubiquitous due to the ease of developing models and their influence on other domains. At the heart of this progress is convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are capable of learning representations or features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Mohammed Bany Muhammad , Mohammed Yeasin

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a widely used deep learning architecture for computer vision. However, its black box nature makes it difficult to interpret the behavior of the model. To mitigate this issue, AI practitioners have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Seok-Yong Byun , Wonju Lee

Explainable Deep Learning has gained significant attention in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in domains such as medical imaging, where accurate and interpretable machine learning models are crucial for effective…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-11 Subhashis Suara , Aayush Jha , Pratik Sinha , Arif Ahmed Sekh

Security researchers grapple with the surge of malicious files, necessitating swift identification and classification of malware strains for effective protection. Visual classifiers and in particular Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Matteo Brosolo , Vinod Puthuvath , Mauro Conti

Increasing demands for understanding the internal behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have led to remarkable improvements in explanation methods. Particularly, several class activation mapping (CAM) based methods, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Hyungsik Jung , Youngrock Oh