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High-level synthesis (HLS) notably speeds up the hardware design process by avoiding RTL programming. However, the turnaround time of HLS increases significantly when post-route quality of results (QoR) are considered during optimization.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Mingzhe Gao , Jieru Zhao , Zhe Lin , Minyi Guo

This paper proposes smaRTLy: a new optimization technique for multiplexers in Register-Transfer Level (RTL) logic synthesis. Multiplexer trees are very common in RTL designs, and traditional tools like Yosys optimize them by traversing the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Chengxi Li , Yang Sun , Lei Chen , Yiwen Wang , Mingxuan Yuan , Evangeline F. Y. Young

LLMs have recently demonstrated strong capabilities in automatic RTL code generation, achieving high syntactic and functional correctness. However, most methods focus on functional correctness while overlooking critical physical design…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yaoxiang Wang , Qi Shi , ShangZhan Li , Qingguo Hu , Xinyu Yin , Bo Guo , Xu Han , Maosong Sun , Jinsong Su

The rapid advancements in LLMs have driven the adoption of generative AI in various domains, including Electronic Design Automation (EDA). Unlike traditional software development, EDA presents unique challenges, as generated RTL code must…

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for generating Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code from natural language specifications, but single-shot generation achieves only 60-65% functional correctness on standard benchmarks. Multi-agent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Cagri Eryilmaz

Generating synthesizable Verilog for large, hierarchical hardware designs remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs), which struggle to replicate the structured reasoning that human experts employ when translating…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sazzadul Islam , Tasnim Tabassum , Hao Zheng

Implementing an application on a FPGA remains a difficult, non-intuitive task that often requires hardware design expertise in a hardware description language (HDL). High-level synthesis (HLS) raises the design abstraction from HDL to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-08-26 Janarbek Matai , Dustin Richmond , Dajung Lee , Ryan Kastner

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting with Register Transfer Level (RTL) design tasks. Nevertheless, there remains to be a significant gap in benchmarks that accurately reflect the complexity of real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ahmed Allam , Mohamed Shalan

FPGAs excel in low power and high throughput computations, but they are challenging to program. Traditionally, developers rely on hardware description languages like Verilog or VHDL to specify the hardware behavior at the register-transfer…

Modern Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) such as SystemVerilog or VHDL are, due to their sheer complexity, insufficient to transport designs through modern circuit design flows. Instead, each design automation tool lowers HDLs to its…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Fabian Schuiki , Andreas Kurth , Tobias Grosser , Luca Benini

Large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed an upsurge in automatic code generation, garnering significant attention for register transfer level (RTL) code generation. Despite the potential of RTL code generation with natural language, it…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Chenwei Xiong , Cheng Liu , Huawei Li , Xiaowei Li

High-Level Synthesis enables the rapid prototyping of hardware accelerators, by combining a high-level description of the functional behavior of a kernel with a set of micro-architecture optimizations as inputs. Such optimizations can be…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Stéphane Pouget , Louis-Noël Pouchet , Jason Cong

As an essential part of modern hardware design, manually writing Register Transfer Level (RTL) code such as Verilog is often labor-intensive. Following the tremendous success of large language models (LLMs), researchers have begun to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Junliang Lv , Xiao Xiao , Xiaochun Ye

The automated generation of design RTL based on large language model (LLM) and natural language instructions has demonstrated great potential in agile circuit design. However, the lack of datasets and benchmarks in the public domain…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Shang Liu , Yao Lu , Wenji Fang , Mengming Li , Zhiyao Xie

High-level synthesis (HLS) allows hardware designers to create hardware designs with high-level programming languages like C/C++/OpenCL, which greatly improves hardware design productivity. However, existing HLS flows require programmers'…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Haocheng Xu , Haotian Hu , Sitao Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks, yet their application in hardware security verification remains limited due to scarcity of publicly available hardware description…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Touseef Hasan , Blessing Airehenbuwa , Nitin Pundir , Souvika Sarkar , Ujjwal Guin

The automatic generation of RTL code (e.g., Verilog) using natural language instructions and large language models (LLMs) has attracted significant research interest recently. However, most existing approaches heavily rely on commercial…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Shang Liu , Wenji Fang , Yao Lu , Qijun Zhang , Hongce Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

High-level synthesis (HLS) is a widely used tool in designing Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). HLS enables FPGA design with software programming languages by compiling the source code into an FPGA circuit. The source code includes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Weikai Li , Ding Wang , Zijian Ding , Atefeh Sohrabizadeh , Zongyue Qin , Jason Cong , Yizhou Sun

This paper presents Hardware Description Language Generative Pre-trained Transformers (HDL-GPT), a novel approach that leverages the vast repository of open-source High Definition Language (HDL) codes to train superior quality large code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Bhuvnesh Kumar , Saurav Nanda , Ganapathy Parthasarathy , Pawan Patil , Austin Tsai , Parivesh Choudhary

High-level synthesis (HLS) enhances digital hardware design productivity through a high abstraction level. Even if the HLS abstraction prevents fine-grained manual register-transfer level (RTL) optimizations, it also enables automatable…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Giovanni Brignone , Mihai T. Lazarescu , Luciano Lavagno