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Large Language Models (LLMs) have been applied to various hardware design tasks, including Verilog code generation, EDA tool scripting, and RTL bug fixing. Despite this extensive exploration, LLMs are yet to be used for the task of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Manar Abdelatty , Jingxiao Ma , Sherief Reda

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining prominence in various fields, thanks to their ability to generate high- quality content from human instructions. This paper delves into the field of chip design using LLMs, specifically in Power-…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kiran Thorat , Jiahui Zhao , Yaotian Liu , Amit Hasan , Hongwu Peng , Xi Xie , Bin Lei , Caiwen Ding

Modern chip design is complex, and there is a crucial need for early-stage prediction of key design-quality metrics like timing and routing congestion directly from Verilog code (a commonly used programming language for hardware design). It…

Machine Learning (ML) has been widely adopted in design exploration using high level synthesis (HLS) to give a better and faster performance, and resource and power estimation at very early stages for FPGA-based design. To perform…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Zhigang Wei , Aman Arora , Ruihao Li , Lizy K. John

Existing large language models (LLMs) for register transfer level code generation face challenges like compilation failures and suboptimal power, performance, and area (PPA) efficiency. This is due to the lack of PPA awareness in…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining popularity for hardware design automation, particularly through Register Transfer Level (RTL) code generation. In this work, we examine the current literature on RTL generation using LLMs and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Paul E. Calzada , Zahin Ibnat , Tanvir Rahman , Kamal Kandula , Danyu Lu , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi , Mark Tehranipoor

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) enables hardware design from C/C++ kernels but requires extensive transformations, such as restructuring code, inserting pragmas, adapting data types, and repairing non-synthesizable constructs, to achieve…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Qingyun Zou , Nuo Chen , Yao Chen , Bingsheng He , WengFei Wong

Dataflow architectures are growing in popularity due to their potential to mitigate the challenges posed by the memory wall inherent to the Von Neumann architecture. At the same time, high-level synthesis (HLS) has demonstrated its efficacy…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Hanchen Ye , Hyegang Jun , Deming Chen

The complexity of modern hardware designs necessitates advanced methodologies for optimizing and analyzing modern digital systems. In recent times, machine learning (ML) methodologies have emerged as potent instruments for assessing design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Yingjie Li , Mingju Liu , Alan Mishchenko , Cunxi Yu

High-level synthesis (HLS) has been researched for decades and is still limited to fast FPGA prototyping and algorithmic RTL generation. A feasible end-to-end system-level synthesis solution has never been rigorously proven. Modularity and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Yu Yang , Ahmed Hemani

Register-Transfer Level (RTL) verification is a primary bottleneck, consuming 60-70% of development time. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for RTL automation, their performance and research focus have overwhelmingly centered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yujie Zhao , Zhijing Wu , Boqin Yuan , Zhongming Yu , Hejia Zhang , Wentao Ni , Chia-Tung Ho , Haoxing Ren , Jishen Zhao

Despite limited success in large language model (LLM)-based register-transfer-level (RTL) code generation, the root causes of errors remain poorly understood. To address this, we conduct a comprehensive error analysis, finding that most…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiazheng Zhang , Cheng Liu , Long Cheng , Xiaowei Li , Huawei Li

Optimizing Register Transfer Level (RTL) code is a critical step in Electronic Design Automation (EDA) for improving power, performance, and area (PPA). We present CODMAS (Collaborative Optimization via a Dialectic Multi-Agent System), a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Che-Ming Chang , Prashanth Vijayaraghavan , Ashutosh Jadhav , Charles Mackin , Vandana Mukherjee , Hsinyu Tsai , Ehsan Degan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising progress for generating Register Transfer Level (RTL) hardware designs, largely because they can rapidly propose alternative architectural realizations. However, single-shot LLM generation…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Shiva Ahir , Prajna Bhat , Alex Doboli

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) improves IC development productivity by enabling hardware design from C-like languages. However, strict coding constraints and design-specific optimizations limit its widespread adoption. While recent efforts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Runkai Li , Jia Xiong , Xiuyuan He , Jieru Zhao , Jiaqi Lv , Haowen Fang , Lei Qi , Xi Wang

Portability of hardware designs between Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) can be accomplished through the use of device-agnostic hardware description languages (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL. Hardware designers can use HDLs to migrate…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Nicholas V. Giamblanco , Andrew Schmidt

Nowadays, shallow and deep Neural Networks (NNs) have vast applications including biomedical engineering, image processing, computer vision, and speech recognition. Many researchers have developed hardware accelerators including…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Amir-Hossein Kiamarzi , Pezhman Torabi , Reza Sameni

The rapid adoption of large language models(LLMs) in hardware design has primarily focused on generating functionally correct Verilog code, overlooking critical Power Performance-Area(PPA) metrics essential for industrial-grade designs. To…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Kimia Tasnia , Alexander Garcia , Tasnuva Farheen , Sazadur Rahman

High-level synthesis (HLS) accelerates FPGA design by rapidly generating diverse implementations using optimization directives. However, even with cycle-accurate C/RTL co-simulation, the reported clock cycles often differ significantly from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Jiho Kim , Cong Hao

Hardware design faces a fundamental challenge: raising abstraction to improve productivity while maintaining control over low-level details like cycle accuracy. Traditional RTL design in languages like SystemVerilog composes modules through…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Youwei Xiao , Zizhang Luo , Weijie Peng , Yuyang Zou , Yun Liang