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The execution cost of quantum algorithms is typically quantified through asymptotic gate counts and qubit register sizes, yet these metrics do not directly capture which genuinely quantum resources, and in what amount, must be created and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Alessio Paviglianiti , Matteo Seclì , Emanuele Tirrito , Vincenzo Savona

Magic is a property of quantum states that enables universal fault-tolerant quantum computing using simple sets of gate operations. Understanding the mechanisms by which magic is created or destroyed is, therefore, a crucial step towards…

Nonstabilizerness, also known as ``magic'', stands as a crucial resource for achieving a potential advantage in quantum computing. Its connection to many-body physical phenomena is poorly understood at present, mostly due to a lack of…

Magic-state distillation (or non-stabilizer state manipulation) is a crucial component in the leading approaches to realizing scalable, fault-tolerant, and universal quantum computation. Related to non-stabilizer state manipulation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-11 Xin Wang , Mark M. Wilde , Yuan Su

To achieve universal quantum computation via general fault-tolerant schemes, stabilizer operations must be supplemented with other non-stabilizer quantum resources. Motivated by this necessity, we develop a resource theory for magic quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-09 Xin Wang , Mark M. Wilde , Yuan Su

The characterization of nonstabilizerness is fruitful due to its application in gate synthesis and classical simulation. In particular, the resource monotone called the stabilizer extent is a useful tool to estimate the simulation cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Hiroki Hamaguchi , Kou Hamada , Naoki Marumo , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Recent results on the non-universality of fault-tolerant gate sets underline the critical role of resource states, such as magic states, to power scalable, universal quantum computation. Here we develop a resource theory, analogous to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-16 Victor Veitch , Seyed Ali Hamed Mousavian , Daniel Gottesman , Joseph Emerson

We introduce a methodology to estimate non-stabilizerness or "magic", a key resource for quantum complexity, with Neural Quantum States (NQS). Our framework relies on two schemes based on Monte Carlo sampling to quantify non-stabilizerness…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Alessandro Sinibaldi , Antonio Francesco Mello , Mario Collura , Giuseppe Carleo

Notions of nonstabilizerness, or "magic", quantify how non-classical quantum states are in a precise sense: states exhibiting low nonstabilizerness preclude quantum advantage. We introduce 'pseudomagic' ensembles of quantum states that,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-31 Andi Gu , Lorenzo Leone , Soumik Ghosh , Jens Eisert , Susanne Yelin , Yihui Quek

Nonstabilizerness, also known as magic, quantifies the number of non-Clifford operations needed in order to prepare a quantum state. As typical measures either involve minimization procedures or a computational cost exponential in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Tobias Haug , Lorenzo Piroli

In quantum computing, non-stabilizerness -- the magic -- refers to the computational advantage of certain quantum states over classical computers and is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computation. Employing the second order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 Qiaofeng Liu , Ian Low , Zhewei Yin

In the realm of fault-tolerant quantum computing, stabilizer operations play a pivotal role, characterized by their remarkable efficiency in classical simulation. This efficiency sets them apart from non-stabilizer operations within the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Chengkai Zhu , Zhiping Liu , Chenghong Zhu , Xin Wang

Quantum state discrimination plays a central role in defining the possible and impossible operations through a restricted class of quantum operations. A seminal result by Bennett et al. [Phys. Rev. A 59, 1070 (1999)] demonstrates the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Hyukjoon Kwon

Nonstabilizerness or `magic' is a crucial resource for quantum computers which can be distilled from noisy quantum states. However, determining the magic of mixed quantum has been a notoriously difficult task. Here, we provide efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Tobias Haug , Poetri Sonya Tarabunga

Quantum fidelity estimation is essential for benchmarking quantum states and processes on noisy quantum devices. While stabilizer operations form the foundation of fault-tolerant quantum computing, non-stabilizer resources further enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Zhiping Liu , Kun Wang , Xin Wang

While there is strong evidence for advantages of quantum over classical computation, the repertoire of computational primitives with proven or conjectured quantum advantage remains limited. A big challenge of quantum algorithmic design is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Tom Krüger , Wolfgang Mauerer

Non-stabilizerness - commonly known as magic - measures the extent to which a quantum state deviates from stabilizer states and is a fundamental resource for achieving universal quantum computation. In this work, we investigate the behavior…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-24 Poetri Sonya Tarabunga

Magic or non-stabilizerness is a resource for quantum computing that has been extensively studied in qudit networks. It describes the degree to which Clifford gates cannot generate a given state, capturing the advantage of quantum over…

Magic, or nonstabilizerness, characterizes how far away a state is from the stabilizer states, making it an important resource in quantum computing, under the formalism of the Gotteman-Knill theorem. In this paper, we study the magic of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Liyuan Chen , Roy J. Garcia , Kaifeng Bu , Arthur Jaffe

We establish lower-bounds on the number of resource states, also known as magic states, needed to perform various quantum computing tasks, treating stabilizer operations as free. Our bounds apply to adaptive computations using measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Michael Beverland , Earl Campbell , Mark Howard , Vadym Kliuchnikov